Table 1.
Summary of applications of smart textile integrated with various nanomaterials and nano-devices.
| Functionality | Textile Substrate | Synthesis Method | Integration Method | Nanomaterial | Applications | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antimicrobial | Cotton | Sonochemical | In-situ deposition | Ag nanoparticles | Antimicrobial, anti-fouling | [270] |
| Antimicrobial | Cotton | Sonoenzymatic | Sonochemical deposition | ZnO/Gallic Acid | Biocompatible and antimicrobial fabrics | [54] |
| Antibacterial/Dye Degradation | Cotton | Hydrothermal/Sol- gel | Impregnation method | TiO2 | Self-cleaning textile | [271] |
| Photo-degradation/Self-cleaning | Cotton | Sol-gel | Photo-deposition | Au/TiO2 film | Self-cleaning textile | [49] |
| Self- cleaning | Polyester fabric | Micro emulsion Water-in-oil | Silks screen printing | Copolymer/SiO2 nanocomposite | Textile coloration | [272] |
| Super-hydrophobicity | Cotton | Emulsion | Spray coatings | SiO2 nanoparticles | Absorbed in Oil-water interfaces | [273] |
| Super-hydrophobicity | Cotton | Sol-gel | Sol-gel | Perfluorooctylated quaternary ammonium silane /SiO2 | Oil Repellency | [68] |
| Super-hydrophobicity | poly-(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) | Chemical deposition | Chemical deposition | Janus SiO2 | Water-repellent textiles | [69] |
| Hydrophobicity and Insulation | Polyester-woven fabric | Fluorocarbon finishing | Electro-spraying | Silica aerogel | Hydrophobic and Heat insulating textiles | [274] |
| UV-Resistant | Cotton | In-situ polymerization | ----- | PANI/TiO2 | UV Protective clothes | [82] |
| UV-Resistant | Cotton | Acid extraction/Sol-gel | Spray coating | polyurethane based MnO2-FeTiO3 | UV Protective clothes | [83] |
| Fire retardancy | Wool fabric | Precipitation | Pad batch | Nano-kaolinite | Fire proof textile | [275] |
| Antistatic Properties | Polyethylene therephthalate/Cotton | Acid hydrolysis | Dip Coating | Aminoalkyltrialkoxysilanes | Textile finishing | [86] |
| Antistatic Properties/Breathability/Moisture-Wicking | Polyacrylonitrile | Electrospinning | ----- | β-Cyclodextrin/Polyacrylonitrile | wearing comfortability in textile | [276] |
| Antistatic Properties | Polyethylene terephthalate | Melt-spinning | ----- | Carbon black/Polypropylene/polyamide (Nylon) | Antistatic textile | [277] |
| High conductivity | Nanofiber | Chemical method | Electro-spraying | Mn@ZnO/CNF | Energy storage on textile | [73] |
| High conductivity | Polyacrylonitrile nanofiber | Electro-spinning | ----- | Graphene oxide | Wearable electronic devices on textile | [278] |
| Supercapacitors | Stainless steel fibers | Twist-bundle-drawing technique | ----- | PPy@MnO2@rGO@Conductive Yarns | Energy Storage on textile | [103] |
| Supercapacitors | Stainless steel yarn | Microwave-assisted hydrothermal method | ----- | Fe3O4/PPy | Self-healing textile fibers for energy storage | [104] |
| Battery | Al and Cu based fibers | Fiber drawing method | ----- | Al–NaOCl galvanic cells | Energy Storage on textile | [115] |
| Battery | poly ethylene oxide | Drawing/Extrusion method | ----- | LiFePO4 (cathode)/Li4Ti5O10 (anode)/solid poly ethylene oxide (electrolyte)/PVDF | Flexible Energy Storage fibers for textile | [279] |
| Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) | Soft Fabric | lamination and spin-coating | ----- | Polyurethane/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) layers | Lighting effect on textile | [117] |
| Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) | polyester | surface-replicating method | ----- | Poly-vinyl alcohol/SU-8 (planarization layer)/Si-base elastomeric (strain buffer) | Clothing-type displays | [280] |
| Photonics | gold-coated fabric | single-pulse laser ablation technique | ----- | Au nanoparticles | Printable holography on textiles | [281] |
| Photonics | multi-walled carbon nanotube sheets | Chemical vapor deposition | Anchoring | MWCNT/Fluorescent dyes | Fluorescent supercapacitor fibers | [126] |
| Photonics | computerized Jacquard loom | ----- | layer-by-layer deposition | polymer photonic bandgap (PBG) fibers | smart cloths, signage and art | [282] |
| Photonics | Silicone fibers | Extrusion | Warp and weft weaving | Geniomer 200 (polysiloxane-urea-copolymer with a polysiloxane) | Pressure sensor based flexible optical fibers for textiles | [283] |
| Biomedical | Cotton fabric | Anionic exchange method | Impregnation | NanoTiO2@DNA | Delivery of drugs based on nanomedicine | [284] |
| Biomedical | grooved solid and hollow hydrogel fibers | 3D-printing and casting | weaving, braiding, and embroidering | polylactic acid/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) | Tissue engineering;wearable or implantable medical devices; and soft robotics | [285] |
| TENGs | PTFE film | Sputtering/Etching | Sputtering method or simple adhesion | PTFE/Cu film | Sustainable wearable or portable electronics and smart sensor networks | [203] |
| TENGs | spring and elastomer | ----- | Laser cutting and gluing | Acrylic sheets/spring/Silicone/Carbon nanofiber | Harvesting and sensing of vibrational energy, such as from vehicle, building, waves, wind, walking, etc. | [204] |
| PENGs | Silicone Rubber | freeze-drying method | doctor-blade deposition | Bi1−xSmxFe1−xTixO3 /Cellulose | self-powered mechanosensation system[ | [222] |
| PENGs | micropatterned P(VDF-TrFE) polymers | Photolithography process | Spin Coating | poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE) | Vibrational sensor/weather sensor | [223] |
| BFCs | CNT yarn | vapour-phase polymerization | Biscrolling | MWCNT/PEDOT/Glucose oxidase | On-body glucose energy harvesting | [286] |
| BFCs | Metallic Cotton Fibers | ----- | Layer-by-layer assembly | poly(ethylenimine)/(tetraoctylammonium bromide-stabilized Au nanoparticle (TOA-Au NP)/tris-(2-aminoethyl)amine (TREN))n, m-GOx: GOx/tris-(2-aminoethyl)amine (TREN)m | On-body glucose energy harvesting/Sensing | [251] |