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Scheme 1. (A) Schematic illustration of the preparation of S, N, O-CDs and their applications in biosensing and bioimaging of Cu2+ in cells. (B) Working Principle of S, N, O-CDs/Cu2+ system for the determination of PPi and ALP activity. Inset shows the complexation between Cu2+ and PPi as well as the hydrolysis of ALP towards PPi.