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. 2022 Apr 27;13:842949. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.842949

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Copyright © 2022 Grassi, Notari, Gili, Bordoni, Casetti, Cimini, Tartaglia, Mariotti, Agrati and Sacchi

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The good and the paradox of myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) activities during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). During severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, MDSC subsets increase and are activated by the virus-induced inflammatory response. The left panel shows the plausible beneficial role of suppressive molecules produced by MDSCs during COVID-19 (the good); the right panel shows the downside of good, pointing out the detrimental effects of the same molecules (the paradox). Arg-1, arginase 1; IDO, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1; TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta.