Table 1.

iPSCs based-OoC developed for drug screening.

Cell types	Target disease or condition	Drug tested	OoC/microfluidic system design elements	Functionalities tested after drug exposure	Ref.
Liver-on-a-chip
iPSCs derived liver organoids	Drug induced acute hepatotoxicity	Acetaminophen (APAP)	Liver on a chip for the generation and in situ differentiation of liver organoids	Cell viability	Wang et al. 20
iPSCs derived liver organoids	Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease	Free fatty acids		Cell viability, lipid accumulation and metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and fibrosis	Wang et al. 21
iPSCs derived hepatocytes and EA.hy926, LX-2, and THP-1	Drug induced acute hepatotoxicity	Terfenadine, Tolcapone, Trovafloxacin, Troglitazone, Rosiglitazone, Pioglitazone, and caffeine	Nortis Bio™ microfluidic liver on a chip	Cell viability, albumin, urea, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and fraction unbound for each drug	Sakolish et al. 22
iPSCs derived hepatocytes, THP-1, and HMEC-1	Drug induced acute hepatotoxicity	Troglitazone	OrganoPlate LiverTox™, 3D microfluidic liver on a chip	Albumin and urea production, hepatocyte nuclear size, and viability.	Bircsak et al. 23
		159 compounds from the SCREEN-WELL library
				Dose-response study TC50 values for viability and albumin assays
Kidney-on-a-chip
iPSCs derived kidney podocytes	Albuminuria and podocyte injury	Adriamycin	Kidney glomerulus on a chip	Cell adhesion, uptake of exogenous albumin, glomerular filtration of albumin and inulin	Musah et al. 24 and Jain 25
iPSCs derived kidney podocytes and endothelial cells				Podocyte injury and delamination, urinary clearance of albumin	Jain 25
Gut-on-a-chip
iPSCs derived intestinal organoids	Inflammatory bowel disease	Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ	Intestine on a chip	Cell viability, permeability, intestinal epithelial response	Workman et al. 26
iPSCs derived intestinal organoid tubules	Inflammatory bowel disease	IL-1β, IFN-γ and TNF-α	Organo Plate™ for the in situ differentiation of intestinal-like cells	Cytokine responsiveness of interleukins	Naumovska et al. 27
Heart-on-a-chip
iPSCs derived cardiac spheroids	Influence of compounds on cardiac cell growth	Doxorubicin, Endothelin-1, Acetylsalicylic acid, Isoproterenol, Phenylephrine, Amiodarone	Cardiac spheroid on a chip	Cell number	Christoffersson et al.28,29
iPSCs derived cardiomyocytes	Low blood pressure and heart failure	Norepinephrine	Heart-on-a-chip platform with integrated interpenetrating sensors arrays for contractility and electrophysiology recording	Contractile force and electrical conductivity	Qian et al. 30
miPSC derived cardiomyocytes	Bradycardia or heart block	Isoprenaline	Heart-on-a-chip platform with an integrated pneumatic actuation system for the induction of homogeneous uniaxial cyclic strains to the 3D cell construct	Contraction rate	Marsano et al. 31
iPSC derived cardiomyocytes and human umbilical vein endothelial cells HUVECs	Drug induced cardiotoxicity	Dexorubicin	Endothelialized myocardium on a chip based on HUVECs encapsulated inside the bioprinted microfibrous hydrogel scaffold and cardiomyocytes seeded into the interstitial spaces of the scaffold	Beating rate and levels of secreted von Willebrand (vWF)	Zhang et al. 32
iPSC derived cardiomyocytes	Drug-induced changes in heart rate	Isoproterenol	Heart-on-a-chip device featuring micromolded gelatin multi electrode arrays (MEA)	Beating rate and rate correlated field potential duration	Kujala et al. 33
iPSC derived cardiomyocytes	Drug-induced changes in heart rate	Isoproterenol	Heart-on-a-chip platform, scaffold free, centrifugally assisted cell loading procedure	Beating rate and beating kinetics by optical mean	Schneider et al. 34
iPSC derived cardiomyocytes and human umbilical vein endothelial cells HUVECs	Alteration in vascular permeability, Bradycardia and drug induced cardiotoxicity	TNF-α, Isoproterenol, TNF-α + Isoproterenol	Microfluidic device with integrated TEER electrodes and multi electrodes array (MEA)	TEER measure in the endothelial layer, cardiac beat rate and corrected field potential duration (cFPD)	Maoz et al. 35
Cardiac microtissue composed of iPSC derived cardiomyocytes, vascular endothelial and mural cells	Drug-induced changes in heart rate	Isoproterenol	Heart-on-a-chip device with microelectromechanical system (MEMS)-based microfluidic chips	Beating rate, particle displacement in the presence of changes in pulsation frequency	Abulaiti et al. 36