Table 2.

iPSCs based-multi OoC developed for drug screening.

Organs	iPSC-derived cells	Target disease or condition	Drug tested	Tests after drug exposure	OoC design elements	Days*	Vessels	Common medium	Material	Scaling	Ref.
Heart, liver	Heart: iPSC derived cardiomyocytes	Cardiotoxicity after drug hepatic metabolism	Cyclophosphamide, terfenadine, and fexofenadine	Heart: contractile force and electrical conductivity	Multi organ on a chip pumpless platform with integrated sensors for contractility and electrophysiology recording	28	N/A	Serum free medium	PDMS	N/A	Oleaga et al. 60
Heart, liver	Heart: iPSC derived cardiomyocytes	Drug induced hepatotoxicity/acute toxicity	(a) Acetaminophen (APAP)	Temperature, pH and O2 concentration, cell viability	Automated modular multi organoids on a chip platform with integrated pH, oxygen and temperature sensors, and electrochemical immunobiosensors	5	N/A	Cardiac basal medium (RPMI 1640) and hepatocytes medium (1:1 ratio)	PDMS and PMMA	Cell number ratio	Zhang et al. 63
				Heart: cardiac biomarker secreted from the cardiac organoids, beating rate of the cardiac organoids
			(b) Doxorubicin (DOX)
				Liver: liver biomarkers secreted from hepatic organoids (a) and liver cancer organoids (b)
Heart, liver	Heart: iPSC derived cardiomyocytes Liver: iPSC derived hepatocytes	Hepatic metabolism-dependent cardiotoxicity	Clomipramine	Heart: cell viability, beating rate and velocity, intracellular calcium influx	Multi organoids on a chip	9	N/A	Cardiac medium (RPMI 1640 + B27) and hepatocytes medium (HCM + dexamethasone) (1:1 ratio)	PDMS	N/A	Yin et al. 58
				Liver: cell viability, urea synthesis
					Differentiation and 3D co-culture of functional liver and heart organoids are simultaneous inside the platform
Heart, liver, lung	Heart: iPSC derived cardiomyocytes	Liver: Acetaminophen (APAP) induced hepatotoxicity	APAP, APAP + N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC)	Cell viability, albumin and urea production, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and α-GST release	Multi organoids on a chip with integrated biosensors and 3D bioprinted cell constructs	9	Layers of endothelial cells forming a thin vascular barrier in the lung-on-a-chip module	α-MEM, FBS, l-glutamine, Pen/Strep	PDMS	Cell number ratio	Skardal et al. 61
		Liver + Heart: drug induced toxicity	Epinephrine and propranolol	Cardiac organoid beat rates, cardiac organoid beat peaks, relative quantification of propranolol, and selected phase II metabolites
		Liver+ Heart + Lung: lung inflammatory factor-driven cardiotoxicity	Bleomycin	Cell viability in 3-organoids platform, cardiac organoid beat rates, inflammatory response in 3-organoids platform

^*Days in flow condition.