Table 3.
Associations of eating or drinking prior to bedtime with weekdays and weekend sleep duration and wake after sleep onset (WASO) among 124 239 participants of the American time use survey
(Odds ratio and 95 % confidence intervals)
| Sleep duration* | Short sleep†,‡ | Long sleep†,‡ | WASO* | WASO ≥ 30 min §,|| | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beta | 95 % CI | Odds ratio | 95 % CI | Odds ratio | 95 % CI | Odds ratio | 95 % CI | Odds ratio | 95 % CI | |
| All respondents | ||||||||||
| Ate < 1 h before bedtime | ||||||||||
| Crude model | 30 | 27, 33* | 0·90 | 0·83, 0·96* | 1·55 | 1·45, 1·65* | 8·24 | 4·54, 11·95* | 2·00 | 1·72, 2·33* |
| Adjusted model¶ | ||||||||||
| Weekdays | 29 | 26, 32* | 0·88 | 0·81, 0·94* | 1·79 | 1·67, 1·91* | 7·73 | 4·07, 11·39* | 2·26 | 1·93, 2·64* |
| Weekend | 23 | 18, 27* | 1·03 | 0·92, 1·15 | 1·49 | 1·37, 1·61* | 7·04 | 1·72, 12·35* | 1·74 | 1·39, 2·18* |
| Women | ||||||||||
| Ate < 1 h before bedtime | ||||||||||
| Crude model | 37 | 32, 41* | 0·85 | 0·76, 0·95* | 1·60 | 1·46, 1·75* | 4·77 | 0·38, 9·17* | 1·94 | 1·58, 2·37* |
| Adjusted model¶ | ||||||||||
| Weekdays | 35 | 30, 39* | 0·84 | 0·75, 0·94* | 1·80 | 1·63, 1·97* | 4·15 | –0·25, 8·54 | 2·03 | 1·66, 2·49* |
| Weekend | 31 | 25, 38* | 0·98 | 0·83, 1·16 | 1·62 | 1·43, 1·82* | 7·77 | 1·25, 14·30* | 1·89 | 1·41, 2·53* |
| Men | ||||||||||
| Ate < 1 h before bedtime | ||||||||||
| Crude model | 26 | 22, 30* | 0·91 | 0·83, 1·01 | 1·55 | 1·42, 1·69* | 12·79 | 6·48, 19·10* | 2·32 | 1·83, 2·93* |
| Adjusted model¶ | ||||||||||
| Weekdays | 25 | 21, 29* | 0·90 | 0·82, 0·99* | 1·78 | 1·62, 1·95* | 13·28 | 7·19, 19·37* | 2·64 | 2·08, 3·36* |
| Weekend | 15 | 9, 21* | 1·07 | 0·91, 1·25 | 1·38 | 1·23, 1·55* | 6·76 | –2·08, 15·60 | 1·56 | 1·09, 2·23* |
From a linear regression model with sleep duration or WASO in minutes as the outcome and eating or drinking < 1 h before bed as a dichotomous predictor.
From a multinomial logistic model with short sleep duration, sufficient sleep duration and long sleep duration as categorical outcomes (sufficient sleep was the reference) and eating or drinking < 1 h before bed as a dichotomous predictor.
For participants 15–17 years, short sleep, sufficient sleep and long sleep corresponded to < 8 h, 8–10 h and > 10 h, respectively. For those ≥ 18 years, short sleep, sufficient sleep and long sleep were defined as < 7 h, 7–9 h and > 9 h, respectively. Finally, for older adults ≥ 65 years, short sleep, sufficient sleep and long sleep corresponded to < 7 h, 7–8 h and > 8 h, respectively. (Reference: Hirshkowitz M et al. (2015). National Sleep Foundation’s sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary. Sleep Health 1, 40–43.)
From a logistic regression model with WASO ≥ 30 min as the dichotomous outcome and eating or drinking < 1 h before bed as a dichotomous predictor.
WASO = wake after sleep onset ≥ 30 min.
Adjusted for gender, age, race, education, work status, cohabitation, the presence of children < 18 years in the household, day of the week and survey year.