. 2021 Sep 13;127(12):1888–1897. doi: 10.1017/S0007114521003597

Table 5.

Timing of eating or drinking prior to bedtime in relation to sleep duration and wake after sleep onset (WASO) among 124 239 participants of the American time use survey

(Odds ratio and 95 % confidence intervals)

	Sleep duration^†		Short sleep^‡		Long sleep^‡		WASO ≥ 30 min^§
	Beta	95 % CI	Odds ratio	95 % CI	Odds ratio	95 % CI	Odds ratio	95 % CI
All respondents
Timing of eating or drinking
Crude model
<1 hour	30	27, 33^*	0·90	0·83, 0·96^*	1·55	1·45, 1·65^*	2·00	1·72, 2·33^*
<2 hours	28	26, 30^*	0·74	0·70, 0·77^*	1·29	1·24, 1·35^*	1·81	1·62, 2·02^*
<3 hours	28	26, 29^*	0·63	0·61, 0·65^*	1·17	1·13, 1·21^*	1·65	1·50, 1·81^*
Adjusted model^\|\|
<1 hour	29	26, 32^*	0·88	0·81, 0·94^*	1·79	1·67, 1·91^*	2·26	1·93, 2·64^*
<2 hours	30	28, 31^*	0·73	0·70, 0·77^*	1·60	1·51, 1·65^*	2·01	1·80, 2·25^*
<3 hours	31	30, 33^*	0·63	0·61, 0·66^*	1·48	1·43, 1·54^*	1·80	1·63, 1·99^*
<4 hours	30	29, 32^*	0·59	0·57, 0·61^*	1·33	1·28, 1·37^*	1·55	1·40, 1·71^*
<5 hours	26	25, 28^*	0·60	0·58, 0·62^*	1·17	1·13, 1·21^*	1·39	1·26, 1·55^*
<6 hours	21	19, 22^*	0·66	0·63, 0·68^*	1·09	1·05, 1·13^*	1·29	1·16, 1·45^*
<7 hours	16	14, 18^*	0·72	0·69, 0·75^*	1·06	1·01, 1·10^*	1·28	1·14, 1·45^*
Women
Timing of eating or drinking
Crude model
<1 hour	37	32, 41^*	0·85	0·76, 0·95^*	1·60	1·46, 1·75^*	1·94	1·58, 2·37^*
<2 hours	32	29, 34^*	0·70	0·66, 0·75^*	1·32	1·24, 1·39^*	1·66	1·45, 1·92^*
<3 hours	32	30, 34^*	0·59	0·56, 0·62^*	1·22	1·16, 1·27^*	1·60	1·42, 1·80^*
Adjusted model^\|\|
<1 hour	35	30, 39^*	0·84	0·75, 0·94^*	1·80	1·63, 1·97^*	2·03	1·66, 2·49^*
<2 hours	32	30, 35^*	0·71	0·66, 0·76^*	1·59	1·49, 1·69^*	1·74	1·50, 2·01^*
<3 hours	34	33, 36^*	0·60	0·57, 0·64^*	1·54	1·47, 1·61^*	1·66	1·47, 1·87^*
Men
Timing of eating or drinking
Crude model
<1 hour	26	22, 30^*	0·91	0·83, 1·01	1·55	1·42, 1·69^*	2·32	1·83, 2·93^*
<2 hours	26	23, 29^*	0·76	0·71, 0·81^*	1·30	1·22, 1·38^*	2·24	1·88, 2·68^*
<3 hours	24	22, 26^*	0·66	0·63, 0·70^*	1·13	1·07, 1·18^*	1·86	1·57, 2·19^*
Adjusted model^\|\|
<1 hour	25	21, 29^*	0·90	0·82, 0·99^*	1·78	1·62, 1·95^*	2·64	2·08, 3·36^*
<2 hours	27	24, 30^*	0·75	0·70, 0·81^*	1·57	1·47, 1·68^*	2·56	2·13, 3·01^*
<3 hours	28	26, 30^*	0·66	0·62, 0·69^*	1·41	1·34, 1·49^*	2·09	1·77, 2·48^*

Statistically significant at P< 0·05; WASO, wake after sleep onset.

^†

From a linear regression model with sleep duration in minutes as the outcome and timing of eating or drinking before bedtime as a dichotomous predictor, < 1 h, < 2 h, < 3 h and so forth.

^‡

From a multinomial logistic model with short sleep duration, sufficient sleep duration and long sleep duration as categorical outcomes (sufficient sleep was the reference) and timing of eating or drinking before bedtime as a dichotomous predictor, < 1 h, < 2 h, < 3 h and so forth.

^§

From a logistic regression model with WASO ≥ 30 min as the dichotomous outcome and timing of eating or drinking before bedtime as a dichotomous predictor, < 1 h, < 2 h, < 3 h and so forth.

^||

Adjusted for gender, age, race, education, work status, cohabitation, the presence of children < 18 years in the household, day of the week and survey year.