TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of individuals with or without any hospital encounter
| Variable | Levels | Individuals without any hospital encounter (n = 5314) n (%) | Individuals with any hospital encounter (n = 7005) n (%) | P value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Female | 1901 (35.8) | 2649 (37.8) | 0.021 |
| Male | 3413 (64.2) | 4356 (62.2) | ||
| Race | White | 4969 (94.5) | 6608 (94.9) | 0.130 |
| Black | 95 (1.8) | 97 (1.4) | ||
| Pacific Islander | 12 (0.2) | 12 (0.2) | ||
| Asian | 129 (2.5) | 148 (2.1) | ||
| American Indian | 24 (0.5) | 49 (0.7) | ||
| Multiple races | 31 (0.6) | 46 (0.7) | ||
| H&Y stage | 0–2 | 3679 (73.9) | 4110 (62.8) | 2.03e−35 |
| 2.5–3 | 1038 (20.8) | 1890 (28.9) | ||
| 4–5 | 264 (5.3) | 544 (8.3) | ||
| No. of medications | 1 | 584 (36.8) | 475 (34.3) | 0.152 |
| 2 | 613 (38.6) | 514 (37.1) | ||
| ≥3 | 390 (24.6) | 395 (28.5) | ||
| No. of comorbidities | 1 | 1460 (45.4) | 2084 (50) | 5.74e−09 |
| 2 | 680 (21.1) | 893 (21.4) | ||
| ≥3 | 1077 (33.5) | 1193 (28.7) | ||
| Living situation | At home | 2065 (98) | 1750 (96.4) | 1.90e−04 |
| Skilled care | 22 (1) | 51 (2.8) | ||
| Other | 21 (1) | 14 (0.8) | ||
| Care partner | No | 1081 (20.3) | 1126 (16.1) | 9.94e−10 |
| Yes | 4235 (79.7) | 5886 (83.9) | ||
| Type of care partner | Spouse/partner | 3957 (93.2) | 5412 (91.8) | 0.058 |
| Other relative | 172 (4.1) | 278 (4.7) | ||
| Paid caregiver | 95 (2.2) | 164 (2.8) | ||
| Other | 21 (0.5) | 41 (0.7) | ||
| Levodopa | No | 350 (17.2) | 172 (9.8) | 5.34e−11 |
| Yes | 1682 (82.8) | 1583 (90.2) | ||
| LEDD | Mean ± SD | 243 ± 420 | 199 ± 532 | 2.46e−07 |
| Min, max | 0, 6100 | 0, 21,441 | ||
| Deep brain stimulation | No | 261 (97.8) | 574 (81.7) | 1.92e−10 |
| Yes | 6 (2.2) | 129 (18.3) | ||
| Physical therapy use | No | 3647 (68.8) | 4056 (57.9) | 2.20e−35 |
| Yes | 1651 (31.2) | 2951 (42.1) | ||
| Occupational therapy use | No | 4864 (92) | 6011 (85.7) | 1.64e−26 |
| Yes | 425 (8) | 1000 (14.3) | ||
| Visits with reported PT use and moderate or high‐intensity exercise | Both moderate or high‐intensity exercise and PT use | 1531 (22.77) | 1092 (27.04) | <2.2e−16 |
| Only moderate or high‐intensity exercise | 2363 (35.14) | 889 (22.01) | ||
| Only PT use | 983 (14.62) | 1075 (26.62) | ||
| Neither moderate or high‐intensity exercise or PT use | 1848 (27.48) | 983 (24.34) | ||
| Speech communication therapy use | No | 1892 (91.1) | 1569 (87) | 4.69e−05 |
| Yes | 184 (8.9) | 234 (13) | ||
| Swallowing therapy use | No | 2004 (96.7) | 1695 (94.1) | 1.37e−04 |
| Yes | 69 (3.3) | 107 (5.9) | ||
| Psychology use | No | 1983 (95.8) | 1664 (92.5) | 2.62e−05 |
| Yes | 88 (4.2) | 134 (7.5) | ||
| Psychiatry use | No | 1943 (93.8) | 1620 (90) | 2.02e−05 |
| Yes | 129 (6.2) | 180 (10) | ||
| Age | Mean ± SD | 66.78 ± 9.93 | 67.9 ± 9.55 | <2.2e−16 |
| Min, max | 27, 95 | 25, 95 | ||
| Age at PD onset | Mean ± SD | 59.09 ± 10.98 | 58.57 ± 11.32 | <2.2e−16 |
| Min, max | 15, 90 | 7, 91 | ||
| PD duration | Mean ± SD | 7.67 ± 5.8 | 9.31 ± 6.42 | <2.2e−16 |
| Min, max | 0, 59 | 0, 54 | ||
| Cognition z score | Mean ± SD | 0.05 ± 0.77 | −0.02 ± 0.74 | <2.2e−16 |
| Min, max | −3.195, 16.7 | −4.468, 2.005 | ||
| PDQ39 | Mean ± SD | 21.94 ± 15.23 | 25.93 ± 16.13 | <2.2e−16 |
| Min, max | 0, 83.3 | 0, 100 | ||
| TUG time (s) | Mean ± SD | 12.26 ± 6.32 | 13.66 ± 7.41 | <2.2e−16 |
| Min, max | 0, 46 | 0, 66 |
*
P‐values from χ2 test for categorical variables and t test for continuous variables.
Abbreviations: H&Y, Hoehn and Yahr; PD, Parkinson's disease; PDQ39, Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire 39; TUG, Timed Up and Go; LEDD, levodopa equivalent daily dosage.