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. 2022 May 11;21:114. doi: 10.1186/s12943-022-01588-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — The utility of liquid biopsy during different stages of tumour progression. The molecular profile of the primary tumour changes as cancer progresses. New mutations and treatments can lead to intra-tumour heterogeneity. Furthermore, heterogeneity causes drug resistance and treatment failure. Liquid biopsy can aid in the detection of primary ovarian tumours (A). The prognosis of EOC patients can potentially be determined by liquid biopsy (B). Likewise, this technique can help with the detection of residual disease after primary debulking surgery and contribute to the detection of EOC recurrence (C). Physicians can potentially use liquid biopsy to uncover the molecular profile of the tumor and select the correct therapy for each patient (D). Liquid biopsy can also reflect tumour heterogeneity and predict resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy in addition to both primary and acquired resistance to PARPi (E)