TABLE 2.
Health status and indicators of disease severity in COVID-19 patients evaluated at the mild-to-moderate COVID-19 outpatient clinic.
| Variable | Overall (n = 660) | Source of MMCO referral | P-value | ||
|
|
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| GP (n = 400) | ED (n = 119) | Hospital specialist (n = 53) | |||
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 133 (121–145) | 133 (1201–145) | 130 (120–141) | 138 (120–143) | 0.71 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 80 (75–87) | 80 (75–88) | 80 (75–86) | 80 (73–89) | 0.97 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 85 (75–95) | 85 (75–94) | 83 (73–92) | 86 (75–97) | 0.22 |
| SpO2 (%) | 97.2 (0.114) | 96.9 (0.15) | 97.4 (0.223) | 98.2 (0.257) | 0.00072 |
| 98 (96–99) | 98 (96–99) | 98 (97–99) | 98 (98–100) | 0.00053 | |
| RR (breaths/min) | 20 (16–22) | 20 (17–22) | 20 (18–24) | 18 (16–20) | 0.073 |
| PaO2/FiO2 | 362 (327–403) | 356 (325–395) | 370 (326–407) | 398 (346–426) | 0.027 |
| Blood exams | |||||
| CRP (mg/dL) | 14 (4–37) | 18 (6–53) | 13 (5–24) | 3 (1–14) | 0.0028 |
| LDH (U/L) | 245 (207–304) | 251 (215–312) | 238 (203–311) | 237 (216–260) | 0.35 |
| D-dimer (ng/L) | 0.5 (0.4–0.8) | 0.5 (0.4–0.8) | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | 0.5 (0.3–1.1) | 0.73 |
| Neutrophils (x109/L) | 4 (2.6–5.9) | 3.9 (2.7–5.5) | 4.6 (3.5–6.7), | 3.5 (2.4–4.7) | 0.0087 |
| Lymphocytes (x109/L) | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 1.3 (0.8–2) | 2 (1.3–2.5) | 0.0089 |
| NLR | 3 (1.8–5.7) | 3.1 (1.8–4.6) | 3.4 (1.8–7.5) | 1.7 (1–2.7) | 0.0013 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 391 (161–777) | 392 (182–748) | 429 (183–696) | 373 (157–1180) | 0.95 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.9 (0.8–1) | 0.8 (0.7–1.1) | 0.51 |
| Lung ultrasound | |||||
| LUSS | 5 (2–9) | 5.5 (2–10) | 5 (3–9) | 3 (0–7) | 0.035 |
| White lung pattern | 303 (45.9) | 203 (50.7) | 49 (41.2) | 19 (35.8) | 0.0098 |
| Parenchymal consolidation | 123 (18.6) | 61 (15.2) | 28 (23.5) | 4 (7.5) | 0.026 |
| ED referral | 97 (14.7) | 73 (18.2) | 7 (5.9) | 6 (11.3) | 0.0030 |
| ED referral at 1st MMCO visit | 77 (11.7) | 61 (15.2) | 6 (5) | 5 (9.4) | 0.0053 |
| ED referral at 2nd MMCO visit | 20 (3) | 11 (2.8) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (1.9) | 0.55 |
| ≥2 MMCO visits# | 235 (41.7) | 131 (40.1) | 54 (48.2) | 18 (38.3) | 0.28 |
| Observation time (days)#, § | 4.8 (0.40) | 4.8 (0.57) | 4.9 (0.61) | 5.5 (1.34) | 0.66 |
| 1 (0–7) | 0 (0–7) | 4 (0–8) | 0 (0–8) | 0.38 | |
MMCO, mild-to-moderate COVID-19 outpatient clinic; GP, general practitioner; ED, emergency department; BP, blood pressure; bpm, beats per minute; SpO2, peripheral oxygen saturation; RR, respiratory rate; PaO2/FiO2, arterial oxygen partial pressure/fractional inspired oxygen; CRP, C reactive protein; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; NLR, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; LUSS, lung ultrasound score.
Source of MMCO referral was known for 572 patients.
Dichotomous variables were expressed as count (percentage) and continuous variables as median (interquartile range). SpO2 (%) and observation time (days) were expressed as both mean (± standard deviation) and median (interquartile range).
#Excluding patients referred to the ED by MMCO physicians.
§Calculated as the time from the first MMCO visit to discharge from the MMCO. An observation time of 0 indicates that a patient was discharged following the first MMCO visit.