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. 2022 May 11;23:118. doi: 10.1186/s12931-022-02026-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visithttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Pre-Clinical Study in rats—MALDI-MS imaging of a 16 µm thick tissue section of rat lung and a 5 mm punched biopsy of rat lung, taken 65 min after a nebulised administration of ipratropium. Top Left—Photo of the region of the tissue from where the section had been cut (after removal of multiple punched biopsies). Top Right—MALDI-MS Image showing the distribution of the m/z 166 fragment ion, representative of ipratropium in Rat 7, section 13 (200 µm spatial resolution). The signal intensity for the ipratropium fragment ion at m/z 166.0 is represented as a concentration-dependent colour scale—white being highest concentrations. Bottom Left to Right: a Photo of 5 mm punched biopsy from rat lung. b Optical Image (digitally scanned image of rat lung section). c MALDI-MS image, 200 µm spatial resolution (and Signal Intensity Scale bar). d Histology image (Consecutive section)