Figure 1.

Performance of the combined, image, EHR model for diagnosis of pneumonia, heart failure, and COPD in the internal and external cohorts. Model performance evaluated based on the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC). Black horizontal lines indicate median performance for each model. When the models were evaluated using diagnosis based on chart reviews in the internal cohort, the combined model outperforms the image and EHR models on most data splits in terms of AUROC for identifying pneumonia, heart failure, and COPD (A). Model performance decreased for pneumonia and COPD when evaluated using discharge diagnosis codes and medications (B). Model performance on the external cohort was evaluated using discharge diagnosis codes and medications (C) and was similar or better compared to the internal cohort (B) with the exception of pneumonia. The combined model consistently outperformed the other models across cohorts in terms of macro-average AUROC which combines model performance across all 3 diagnoses. COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.