Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants according to vitamin D status.a.
| Characteristics | Whole sample (n = 681) | Serum vitamin D |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal (n = 452) | Deficient (n = 229) | |||
| General and clinical characteristics | ||||
| Age (years) | 53.4 ± 15.2 | 52.2 ± 15.0 | 55.8 ± 15.3 | 0.004 |
| Sex (female) | 335 (49) | 233 (52) | 102 (44) | 0.05 |
| Education (years) | 14.5 ± 4.4 | 14.8 ± 3.8 | 13.9 ± 4.4 | 0.009 |
| Physically active | 374 (56) | 266 (60) | 108 (48) | 0.003 |
| Hypertension | 203 (29) | 121 (26) | 82 (36) | 0.01 |
| Heart failure | 17 (3) | 8 (2) | 9 (4) | 0.07 |
| Diabetes | 51 (7) | 20 (4) | 31 (13) | < 0.001 |
| Renal failure | 21 (3) | 8 (2) | 13 (5) | 0.007 |
| COPD | 54 (8) | 28 (6) | 26 (11) | 0.01 |
| Cancer | 15 (2) | 9 (2) | 6 (3) | 0.39 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.7 ± 4.4 | 25.2 ± 4.3 | 26.7 ± 4.4 | < 0.001 |
| Severity of acute COVID-19 | ||||
| No hospitalization | 285 (41) | 210 (47) | 73 (32) | < 0.001 |
| Hospitalization - no O2 supplementation | 114 (17) | 71 (16) | 42 (19) | |
| Hospitalization - low-flow O2 supplementation | 176 (26) | 112 (25) | 65 (28) | |
| Hospitalization - NIV or IV | 106 (16) | 59 (13) | 49 (21) | |
| Length of hospital stay (days) | 16.8 ± 13.9 | 16.9 ± 14.6 | 16.6 ± 12.7 | 0.85 |
| Blood parameters | ||||
| Albumin (g/L) | 42.7 ± 3.2 | 43.1 ± 3.0 | 42.1 ± 3.5 | < 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.8 ± 1.4 | 13.8 ± 1.4 | 13.8 ± 1.5 | 0.52 |
| 25-OH vitamin D (ng/mL) | 25.6 ± 12.2 | 31.1 ± 11.2 | 14.8 ± 4.6 | < 0.001 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 2.4 ± 5.4 | 2.0 ± 4.4 | 3.3 ± 7.0 | < 0.001 |
BMI: body mass index; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP: C-reactive protein; IV: invasive ventilation; NIV: non-invasive ventilation.
a
Data are given as number (percentage) for sex, physical activity, diseases, and categories of COVID-19 severity; for all other variables, means ± standard deviations are reported.