TABLE 3.
Association of Race/Ethnicity and Admission to Hospital From ED
| Patient Characteristics | Model 1: Race/Ethnicity only OR (95% CI) | Model 2: Model 1 w/ Demographic Characteristics OR (95% CI) | Model 3: Model 2 w/ Comorbidities OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Black | 0.35 (0.30–0.41) | 0.64 (0.54–0.76) | 0.45 (0.37–0.55) |
| Hispanic | 0.48 (0.42–0.56) | 0.94 (0.81–1.11) | 0.92 (0.77–1.10) |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Male | 1.45 (1.31–1.61) | 1.52 (1.35–1.71) | |
| Age* | 1.30 (1.28–1.33) | 1.24 (1.22–1.27) | |
| Insurance type | |||
| Private | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Medicaid | 0.97 (0.85–1.12) | 0.94 (0.80–1.10) | |
| Medicare | 1.18 (1.01–1.38) | 0.86 (0.72–1.02) | |
| Uninsured | 0.65 (0.55–0.76) | 0.87 (0.73–1.04) | |
| Percentage under poverty level* | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | 0.95 (0.93–0.97) | |
| Obesity | 4.64 (4.09–5.27) | ||
| Heart disease | 1.62 (1.41–1.86) | ||
| Diabetes | 1.21 (1.06–1.38) | ||
| Kidney disease | 3.93 (3.20–4.82) | ||
| COPD | 2.45 (1.84–3.25) | ||
| Liver disease | 3.16 (2.30–4.34) | ||
| AUC † | 0.65 (0.63–0.66) | 0.80 (0.79–0.81) | 0.86 (0.86–0.87) |
*
Number is the odds ratio for 5-point increase.
†
Numbers shown are the AUC and 95% confidence limits.
Numbers in bold have P-values <0.05. All models used ED visited and ED encounter month as cluster effects; reference group for the outcome of all models is ED only.
AUC indicates area under the curve; CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ED, emergency department; OR, odds ratio.