TABLE 4.
Association of Race/Ethnicity and Admission to ICU Among Patients Admitted to the Hospital (ie, Admission to ICU vs. Admission to General Acute Care)
| Patient Characteristics | Model 1: Race/Ethnicity only OR (95% CI) | Model 2: Model 1 w/ Demographic Characteristics OR (95% CI) | Model 3: Model 2 w/ Comorbidities OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Black | 0.93 (0.71–1.21) | 0.78 (0.58–1.06) | 0.68 (0.50–0.93) |
| Hispanic | 1.09 (0.84–1.41) | 0.93 (0.70–1.23) | 0.94 (0.71–1.25) |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Male | 1.30 (1.07–1.57) | 1.29 (1.07–1.57) | |
| Age* | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) | 0.95 (0.91–0.99) | |
| Insurance type | |||
| Private | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Medicaid | 1.18 (0.89–1.55) | 1.06 (0.80–1.41) | |
| Medicare | 1.16 (0.88–1.51) | 0.99 (0.75–1.30) | |
| Uninsured | 1.44 (1.03–2.01) | 1.53 (1.08–2.15) | |
| Percentage under poverty level* | 1.05 (1.00–1.09) | 1.04 (0.99–1.08) | |
| Obesity | 1.07 (0.88–1.31) | ||
| Heart disease | 1.94 (1.48–2.55) | ||
| Diabetes | 1.32 (1.08–1.62) | ||
| Kidney disease | 1.15 (0.92–1.45) | ||
| COPD | 1.91 (1.43–2.56) | ||
| Liver disease | 1.07 (0.76–, 1.51) | ||
| AUC † | 0.70 (0.68–0.72) | 0.71 (0.69–0.73) | 0.73 (0.71–0.75) |
*
Number is the odds ratio for 5-point increase.
†
Numbers shown are the AUC and 95% confidence limits.
Numbers in bold have P-values <0.05. All models used ED visited and ED encounter month as cluster effects; Reference group for the outcome of all models is admission to general acute care.
AUC indicates area under the curve; CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ED, emergency department; OR, odds ratio.