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. 2021 Dec 20;134(6):1126–1139. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000005835

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Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the International Anesthesia Research Society.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

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Figure 2. — Subanesthetic ketamine and nitrous oxide administration produced differential effects on cortical acetylcholine levels. Subanesthetic ketamine infusion produced sustained increase in prefrontal (A) and parietal (B) acetylcholine levels. During postketamine recovery, cortical acetylcholine levels remained elevated compared to wakefulness, though this effect was largely driven by the first 2 postketamine epochs (A and B). In contrast, 50% nitrous oxide treatment transiently increased prefrontal and parietal acetylcholine levels during the first 12.5 min of exposure (nitrous induction), followed by a progressive decline in acetylcholine during nitrous oxide sedation phase (C and D). Cortical acetylcholine levels during post-nitrous oxide recovery did not significantly differ from those observed during baseline wake state (C and D). A linear mixed model with a random intercept for each rat was used for statistical comparisons. Post hoc pairwise tests between states were performed with single-step correction for multiple comparisons via Tukey test. The box plots show the median (horizontal bar) and interquartile range for averaged data over all 12 subjects at each epoch. The whiskers represent the minimum and maximum values within each epoch. The data for each subject are displayed by colored dots, with each color corresponding to a single subject across all epochs. ^*Significant compared to wake. ^#Significant compared to subanesthetic ketamine infusion or nitrous oxide induction. ^§Significant compared to nitrous oxide sedation. The statistical comparisons are shown at P < .05. The exact P values are provided in the text in the Results section. The mean, SD, and F statistics for statistical comparisons are provided in Supplemental Digital Content, Tables 1 and 2, http://links.lww.com/AA/D757. ACh indicates acetylcholine; K, subanesthetic ketamine infusion; NI, nitrous induction; NS, nitrous sedation; PK, postketamine recovery; PN, post-nitrous oxide; SD, standard deviation; W, wake.