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. 2021 Dec 20;134(6):1126–1139. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000005835

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Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the International Anesthesia Research Society.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

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Figure 6. — Effects of nitrous oxide exposure on directed frontoparietal connectivity in gamma bandwidths. During nitrous oxide induction, frontoparietal connectivity in the low gamma bandwidth (25–55 Hz) did not differ from wake (A and B). However, feedback and feedforward connectivities in low gamma frequencies were significantly increased during the following 50-min nitrous oxide sedation (A and B). Frontoparietal connectivity in feedback and feedforward directions were increased during nitrous oxide induction in the mid gamma bandwidth (85–125 Hz) (C and D), whereas nitrous oxide sedation was characterized by a decrease in connectivity as compared to wakefulness. During post-nitrous oxide recovery period, connectivity in the feedback direction showed a modest increase relative to baseline wakefulness, while feedforward connectivity did not statistically differ from wake. Nitrous oxide induction transiently increased the strength of connectivity between frontal and parietal cortices in the high gamma bandwidth (125–175 Hz) in feedback and feedforward directions (E and F), whereas the nitrous oxide sedation phase was characterized by decrease in both feedback and feedforward connectivities to wake levels. Frontoparietal connectivity did not differ between baseline wakefulness and post-nitrous oxide recovery. A linear mixed model with a random intercept for each rat was used for statistical comparisons. Post hoc pairwise tests between states were performed with single-step correction for multiple comparisons via Tukey test. The box plots show the median (horizontal bar) and interquartile range for averaged data over all 12 subjects at each epoch. The whiskers represent the minimum and maximum values within each epoch. The data for each subject are displayed by colored dots, with each color corresponding to a single subject across all epochs. ^*Significant compared to wake. ^#Significant compared to nitrous oxide induction, ^§Significant compared to nitrous oxide sedation. The statistical comparisons are shown at P < .05. The exact P values are provided in the text in the Results section. The mean, SD, and F statistics for statistical comparisons are provided in Supplemental Digital Content, Table 6, http://links.lww.com/AA/D757. NI indicates nitrous induction; NS, nitrous sedation; NSTE, normalized symbolic transfer entropy; PN, post-nitrous oxide; SD, standard deviation; W, wake.