SDS-PAGE of total cell extracts from cultures coexpressing both tPA and DsbA, DsbC, or DsbA-DsbC. Cells were harvested 3 h after induction and lysed, and equal amounts of total protein from each sample were loaded on a 12% SDS–PAGE gel as described in Materials and Methods. Lanes: A, pBAD-stII-tPA + pLppsOmpArPDI; B, pBAD-stII-tPA + pSE380dsbA; C, pBAD-stII-tPA + pSE420dsbC; D, pBAD-stII-tPA + pSE380dsbAC.