Table 2.
Clinical and medical history of patients at baseline, with univariate and multivariate analysis of associations between COVID−19 severity and baseline characteristics.
| Variables | Number of patients, n/N (%) | p-value | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Non-severe | Severe | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | ||
| (N, 242) | (N, 105) | (N, 137) | ||||||
| Comorbidities | 216/242 (89.3) | 90/105 (85.7) | 126/137 (92.0) | 0.080 | 2.1 (0.902–4.887) | 0.085 | ||
| Chronic cardiac disease | 14/216 (6.5) | 5/90 (5.6) | 9/126 (7.1) | 0.855 | 1.2 (0.550–2.930) | 0.584 | ||
| Hypertension | 88/216 (40.7) | 32/90 (35.6) | 56/126 (44.4) | 0.228 | 1.3 (0.750–2.250) | 0.337 | ||
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 18/216 (8.3) | 8/90 (8.9) | 10/126 (7.9) | 0.233 | 0.6 (0.270–1.390) | 0.245 | ||
| Previous tuberculosis | 3/216 (1.4) | 0 | 3/126 (2.4) | 0.427 | 1.5 (0.620–3.550) | 0.380 | ||
| Under treatment for tuberculosis | 1/216 (0.5) | 0 | 1/126 (0.8) | 1.000 | 1.1 (0.458–2.778) | 0.794 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 66/216 (30.6) | 24/90 (26.7) | 42/126 (33.3) | 0.301 | 1.2 (0.686–2.171) | 0.498 | ||
| Obesity | 84/216 (38.9) | 45/90 (50.0) | 39/126 (30.9) | 0.005* | 0.4 (0.256–0.785) | 0.005 | 0.3 (0.092–0.875) | 0.028 |
| HIV/AIDS | 6/216 (2.8) | 3/90 (3.3) | 3/126 (2.4) | 0.213 | 0.6 (2.62–1.146) | 0.110 | 0.3 (0.016–5.775) | 0.425 |
| Chronic renal disease | 10/216 (4.6) | 4/90 (4.4) | 6/126 (4.8) | 1.000 | 0.9 (0.415–2.041) | 0.838 | ||
| Liver disease | 14/216 (6.5) | 9/90 (10.0) | 5/126 (4.0) | 0.191 | 0.6 (0.263–1.230) | 0.151 | 0.6 (0.076–4.982) | 0.650 |
| Malignant neoplasm | 1/216 (0.5) | 0 | 1/126 (0.8) | 1.000 | 0.9 (0.357–2.457) | 0.901 | ||
| Chronic hematological disease | 7/216 (3.2) | 4/90 (4.4) | 3/126 (2.4) | 0.624 | 0.7 (0.312–1.684) | 0.454 | ||
| Chronic neurological disease | 10/216 (4.6) | 2/90 (2.2) | 8/126 (6.4) | 0.392 | 0.6 (0.638–3.261) | 0.379 | ||
| Rheumatic disorder | 9/216 (4.2) | 4/90 (4.4) | 5/126 (4.0) | 0.784 | 0.7 (0.289–1.700) | 0.433 | ||
| Smoking: | ||||||||
| Former smoker | 58/216 (26.9) | 21/90 (23.3) | 37/126 (29.4) | 0.317 | 1.5 (0.818–2.872) | 0.182 | 0.9 (0.266–3.242) | 0.908 |
| Current smoker | 10/216 (4.6) | 2/90 (2.2) | 8/126 (6.3) | 3.5 (0.714–16.961) | 0.123 | |||
| Other relevant factors | 8/216 (3.7) | 1/90 (1.1) | 7/126 (5.6) | 0.228 | 1.4 (0.563–3.366) | 0.484 | ||
| Medications | 219/242 (90.5) | 88/105 (83.8) | 131/137 (95.6) | 0.001* | 6.7 (2.227–20.404) | 0.001 | ||
| Ibuprofen | 2/219 (0.9) | 0 | 2/131 (1.5) | 0.711 | 1 | |||
| Corticoids | 26/219 (11.9) | 7/88 (8.0) | 19/131 (14.5) | 0.228 | 2.1 (0.878–5.121) | 0.095 | 1.6 (0.382–6.949) | 0.510 |
| Antibiotics: | 148/219 (67.6) | 32/88 (36.4) | 116/131 (88.6) | <0.001* | 13.5 (6.780–27.016) | <0.001 | ||
| Azithromycin | 105/219 (47.9) | 24/88 (27.3) | 81/131 (61.8) | 0.182 | 0.5 (0.175–1.409) | 0.188 | 0.3 (0.086–1.154) | 0.081 |
| Other antibiotics | 131/219 (59.8) | 18/88 (20.5) | 113/131 (86.3) | 0.013* | ||||
| Bronchodilators | 13/219 (5.9) | 3/88 (3.4) | 10/131 (7.6) | 0.250 | 2.4 (0.631–8.837) | 0.202 | 2.0 (0.287–13.774) | 0.486 |
| ACE Inhibitors | 52/219 (23.7) | 13/88 (14.8) | 39/131 (29.8) | 0.010* | 2.4 (1.230–4.970) | 0.011 | 0.9 (0.279–3.042) | 0.893 |
| Calcium blockers | 7/219 (3.2) | 3/88 (3.4) | 4/131 (3.1) | 1.000 | 1.3 (0.358–4.672) | 0.694 | ||
| ARVs | 4/219 (1.8) | 3/88 (3.4) | 1/131 (0.8) | 0.305 | 0.2 (0.022–2.147) | 0.193 | ||
| HCQ or CQ use in the last 30 days | 7/219 (3.2) | 0 | 7/131 (5.3) | 0.004* | 2.4 (1.21–4.76) | 0.013 | ||
| Proton pump inhibitors | 63/219 (28.8) | 7/88 (8.0) | 56/131 (42.7) | <0.001* | 9.8 (4.233–22.687) | <0.001 | 3.1 (1.020–9.418) | 0.046 |
| Others | 210/219 (95.9) | 82/88 (93.2) | 128/131 (97.7) | 0.042* | 4.7 (0.923–23.761) | 0.062 | 8.9 (0.380–212.132) | 0.173 |
*
Statistically significant. Bold values represents the total values for the total counts of Comorbidities and the Medications.