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. 2022 Apr 27;10:912133. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.912133

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Copyright © 2022 Tan, Wang, Chen, Liu, Ma, Ma, Wang, Zeng, Xue, Yue and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Relative proportions of M1 and M2 macrophages were opposite in perivascular and avascular areas, and numbers of blood vessels increased in the reparative area during progressive stage of NONFH (A) Comparison of numbers of blood vessels between patients with different types of progressive-stage NONFH or with osteoarthritis (B) Comparison of numbers of blood vessels between patients with different types of end-stage NONFH or with osteoarthritis (C) Comparison of numbers of blood vessels between patients with progressive-stage or end-stage NONFH (D,E) Representative mIHC images of M1 macrophages (CD68⁺CD80⁺CD206^-) and M2 macrophages (CD68⁺CD80⁻CD206⁺) in perivascular areas (identified based on CD31⁺ vascular endothelial cells) and avascular areas in the reparative area in NONFH. Scale bar, 50 μm (F,G) Comparison of percentages of (F) M2 macrophages and (G) M1 macrophages in perivascular and avascular areas in patients with different types of progressive-stage NONFH (H) Comparison of macrophage M1/M2 ratios in perivascular and avascular areas in patients with different types of progressive-stage NONFH. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.