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. 2022 Apr 27;13:848335. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.848335

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Analysis of the cytokines and chemokines in T2DM, NDM patients infected with SARS-CoV2. The bar diagrams represent cytokines and chemokines which were evaluated from COVID -19 positive plasma samples of T2DM (n = 25), NDM (n = 10), and Covid-19 negative and non-diabetic healthy controls (n = 10). (A) IL-6. TNF-α, GCSF, IL-12p40, IL-15, IL-1α, MIP-1β, GMCSF, IFN-α2, IL-10, VEGF, and IL-Rα were highly elevated in T2DM patients when compared with healthy controls and NDM patients. (B) IFN-γ, EGF, and IL-8 were moderately elevated in T2DM patients when compared to healthy controls and NDM. (C) IP-10, IL-9, and IL-4 were slightly elevated in T2DM patients when compared to healthy controls and NDM. (D) Eotaxin was moderately elevated in healthy controls and NDM when compared to T2DM patients. (E) sCD40L was elevated in both NDM and T2DM when compared to healthy controls, MDC was elevated in NDM patients when compared to T2DM patients. (F) GRO was elevated in NDM patients when compared to healthy controls. The Kruskal Wallis Test (non-parametric) with post-hoc Dunn’s multiple comparison test was performed. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant (*), p < 0.01 was considered to be very significant (**), P < 0.001 was considered to be highly significant (***), P < 0.0001 was considered to be extremely significant (****), ns, not significant. All error bars were SEM.