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. 2022 Apr 27;13:841759. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.841759

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Copyright © 2022 Ali, Lynch, Khatri, Bamigbola, Chan, Yabuki, Demopulos, Heeney, Pai, Baxendale and Schwaeble

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Complement system is activated during acute COVID-19 infection. Anaphylatoxin C5a levels in patients sera increase during acute disease and return to normal on recovery (n = 25) (A). sC5b-9 levels were also significantly increased during the acute phase (n = 25) of severe COVID-19 and returned to levels seen in NHS (n = 14) of healthy blood donors and sera taken from convalescent patients (B). Results were analysed using 1-way ANOVA, with Dunnett’s correction for multiple comparisons. ****p < 0.0001.