Table 2.
Intervention and measurement parameters of all included studies classified by intervention type.
| References | Treatment (T) | Control (C) | Measurement |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carotenoids complex | |||
| Ryu (30) | 5.0 g chlorella (13.0 mg lutein, 0.25 mg zeaxanthin, 1.2 mg α-carotene, 0.85 mg β-carotene) (daily, 4 weeks) | Placebo (daily, 4 weeks) | TG (μmol/L), HDL (μmol/L) |
| Miyazawa (32) | 8.0 g chlorella (22.9 mg lutein, 5.0 mg β-carotene) (daily, 2 months) | 0.0 g chlorella (daily, 2months) | HDL (mg/dL), TG (mg/dL), lutein (μmol/L), zeaxanthin μmol/L), α-carotene (μmol/L), β-carotene (μmol/L), lycopene (μmol/L), α-tocopherol (μmol/L) |
| Ma (33) | T1 (children): 2,000.0 IU retinol, 1.0 mg β-carotene, 100.0 mg α-tocopherol, 300.0 mg ascorbic acid, 200.0 μg selenium (daily, 2 months); T2 (young people): 3,000.0 IU retinol, 1.5 mg β-carotene, 200.0 mg α-tocopherol, 500.0 mg ascorbic acid, 400.0 μg selenium (daily, 2 months); T3 (old people): 3,000.0 IU retinol, 1.5 mg β-carotene, 200.0 mg α-tocopherol, 500.0 mg ascorbic acid, 400.0 μg selenium (daily, 2 months) | C1 (children): placebo (daily, 2 months); C2 (young people): placebo (daily, 2 months); C3 (old people): placebo (daily, 2 months) | β-carotene (μmol/L), tocopherol (μmol/L) |
| Concentrate (36) | 7.5 mg β-carotene, 234.0 mg vitamin C, 45.0 IU vitamin E, 420.0 mg folate, 60.0 mg calcium (daily, 11 weeks) | Placebo (microcrystalline cellulose) (daily, 11 weeks) | ORAC (μmol/L), β-carotene (μmol/L), lutein (μmol/L), lycopene (μmol/L) |
| Tauler (37) | 250.0 mg Vitamin E, 15.0 mg of β-carotene (daily, 90 days), 1.0 g vitamin C (daily, 16–90 days) | Placebo (lactose) (daily, 90 days) | SOD (pKat/109 cells), CAT (K/109 cells), GPx (nKat/109 cells) |
| Aust (38) | T1: 9.8 mg lycopene, 0.8 mg phytofluene, 1.0 mg phytoene, 0.4 mg β-carotene (daily, 12 weeks); T2: 8.2 mg lycopene, 3.2 mg phytofluene, 4.6 mg phytoene, 0.4 mg β-carotene daily, 12 weeks) | 10.2 mg lycopene, 0.0 mg phytofluene, 0.0 mg phytoene, 0.0 mg β-carotene (daily, 12 weeks) | lycopene (μmol/L), β-carotene (μmol/L) |
| Hininger (39) | 60.0 mg Vitamin C, 4.8 mg β-carotene, 10.0 mg vitamin E, 1.4 mg thiamin, 1.6 mg riboflavin, 15.0 mg niacin, 6.0 mg pantothenic acid, 200.0 mg folic acid, 1.0 mg cobalamin, 15.0 mg Zn, 87.5 mg Mg, 100.0 mg Ca (daily, 2months) | Placebo (daily, 2 months) | β-carotene (μmol/L) |
| Upritchard (40) | T1: 43.0 mg vitamin E, 0.22 mg lutein, 0.06 mg lycopene, 0.06 mg α -carotene, 0.11 mg β -carotene (daily, 11 weeks) T2: 111.0 mg vitamin E, 0.63 mg lutein, 0.18 mg lycopene, 0.14 mg α -carotene, 0.28 mg β -carotene (daily, 11 weeks) | 1.3 mg vitamin E (daily, 11 weeks) | HDL(μmol/L), TG (μmol/L), α-tocopherol (μmol/L), lutein (μmol/L), α-carotene (μmol/L), β-carotene (μmol/L), lycopene (μmol/L), FRAP (μmol/L) |
| Nelson (41) | T1: one food group (11.0 mg β-carotene, 6.0 mg lutein, 0.6 mg zeaxanthin, 10. 0 mg lycopene) (daily, 5 weeks) T2: 2 antioxidant capsule (2.4 mg β-carotene, 6 mg lutein/zeaxanthin, 0.5 mg lycopene) (daily, 5 weeks) T3: 2 antioxidant tablet (4.0 mg β-carotene, 4.0 mg lutein/zeaxanthin) (daily, 5 weeks) | Placebo (daily, 5 weeks) | lutein (μmol/L), zeaxanthin (μmol/L), lycopene (μmol/L), α-carotene (μmol/L), β-carotene (mmol/L), α-tocopherol (μmol/L), ORAC (μmol/L) |
| Kiokias (42) | 4 capsules (1.0 g) (fish oil), 24.6 mg tomato extract, 6.3 mg palm oil carotene extract, 2.0 mg marigold extract, 3.7 mg paprika extract, 3.7 mg bixin (daily, 6 weeks) | 4 capsules (1g) (fish oil) (daily, 6 weeks) | TG (μmol/L), HDL (μmol/L), ORAC (mM) |
| Heinrich (43) | T1: 24.0 mg β-carotene, soybean oil (daily, 12 weeks) T2: 8.0 mg β-carotene, 8.0 mg lycopene, 8.0 mg lutein, soybean oil (daily, 12 weeks) | Soybean oil (daily, 12 weeks) | β-carotene (μmol/L), lutein (μmol/L), lycopene (μmol/L) |
| Schmidt (44) | 20,050.0 IU β-carotene, 330.0 mg ascorbic acid, 650.0 IU α-,β-,γ-, δ-tocopherols, 167.0 g selenium, 13.2 mg catechin, 500.0 μg lutein, 100.0 μg lycopene, 181.0 mg N-acetyl 1-cysteine, 5.0 mg pomegranate extract, 100.0 mg vegetable blend concentrate (lutein, β-carotene, α-carotene, lycopene) (daily, 24 days) | Placebo (daily, 24 days) | FRAP (moles trolox equivalents/ml), ORAC (moles trolox Equivalents/ml), α-carotene (μg/ml), β-carotene (μg/ml), lutein (μg/ml), lycopene (μg/ml), α-tocopherol (μg/ml), zeaxanthin (μg/ml) |
| Stahl (45) | 40.0 g tomato paste, 10.0 g olive oil, 16.0 mg lycopene, 0.5 mg β-carotene 0.1 mg lutein (daily, 10 weeks) | 10.0 g olive oil (daily, 10 weeks) | α-tocopherol (μmol/L), α-carotene (μmol/L), β-carotene (μmol/L), lutein (μmol/L), lycopene (μmol/L) |
| Stahl (46) | Carotenoid, vitamin E (daily, 12 weeks) | 25.0 mg total carotenoids, 25.0 mg carotenoids, 13.0 mg all-trans-β-carotene, 10.5 mg 9-cis β-carotene, 0.3 mg other cis isomers β-carotene, 0.75 mg α-carotene, 0.18 mg cryptoxanthin, 0.15 mg zeaxanthin, 0.12 mg lutein (daily, 12 weeks) |
β-carotene (μmol/L), α-tocopherol (μmol/L) |
| Fruits/vegetables | |||
| Duthie (29) | 480.0 g diverse fruits, vegetables, fruit juices (daily, 12 weeks) | 3 or fewer portions fruits and vegetables (daily, 12 weeks) | FRAP (μmol Fe(II)/L), SOD (U/g Hb), CAT (U/g Hb), GPx (U/g Hb), HDL (μmol/L), TG μmol/L) α-tocopherol (μg/ml), β-carotene (μg/ml), α-carotene (μg/ml), lycopene (μg/ml) |
| Turner (31) | 0.5 mg vitaminA, 200.0 g orange-fleshed sweet potatoes (daily, 6 days/week, 3 weeks) | 200.0 g white-fleshed sweet potatoes, 2 corn-oil capsule (daily, 6 days/week, 3 weeks) | β-carotene (μmol/L), α-carotene (μmol/L), lycopene (μmol/L), α-tocopherol (μmol/mmol lipid) |
| Jacob (34) | 500.0 ml tomato juice (41.8 mg lycopene, 90.0 mg vitamin C) (daily, 2 weeks) | 500.0 ml tomato juice (870.0 mg vitamin C) (daily, 2 weeks) | lycopene (μmol/L), β-carotene (μmol/L), lutein (μmol/L), tocopherol (mg/l), FRAP (μmol/L) |
| Briviba et al. (35) | T1: 0.8 (0.2) servings vegetables, 1.1 (0.4) servings fruits [total 1.9 (0.5) servings] (daily, week 1–4) 4.3 (0.6) servings vegetables, 3.5 (0.5) servings fruits [total 7.8 (1.1) servings] (daily, weeks 4–8); T2: 0.9 (0.2) servings vegetables, 1.0 (0.3) servings fruits [total 1.9 (0.4) servings] (daily, week 1–4) 2.8 (0.4) servings vegetables, 1.9 (0.3) fruits servings [total 4.6 (0.7) servings] (daily, weeks 4–8) | 1.0 (0.3) servings vegetables, 1.0 (0.4) servings fruits [total 2.0 (0.6) servings] (daily, week 1–4) 1.0 (0.5) servings vegetables, 1.0 (0.4) servings fruits [total 2.0 (0.8) servings] (daily, weeks 4–8) | Lutein (nM), zeaxanthin (nM), α-carotene (nM), β-carotene (nM), lycopene (nM) |
ORAC, oxygen radical absorbance capacity; TG, triglyceride; HDL, high density lipoprotein; FRAP, ferric-reducing ability of plasma; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase.