Table 3.
Meta-analysis/subgroup analysis and publication bias of included studies.
| Measurement index | Number of study | SMD | 95% CI | p | Heterogeneity | Model | Publication bias | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I 2 | p | t | p | ||||||||
| Antioxidative capability parameters | |||||||||||
| FRAP | Overall | 5 | 0.371 | 0.113 | 0.629 | 0.005* | 0.00% | 0.407 | Fixed | −1.06 | 0.368 |
| Fruits/vegetables | 2 | 0.143 | −0.331 | 0.616 | 0.554 | 0.00% | 0.896 | Fixed | |||
| Carotenoids complex (MD) | 3 | 0.468 | 0.159 | 0.776 | 0.003* | 26.0% | 0.259 | Fixed | |||
| ORAC | carotenoids complex (LD) | 3 | 0.568 | 0.190 | 0.947 | 0.003* | 40.9% | 0.184 | Fixed | −1.61 | 0.354 |
| Antioxidative enzymes | |||||||||||
| SOD | Overall | 3 | 0.237 | −0.673 | 1.147 | 0.200 | 67.1% | 0.048 | Random | 0.55 | 0.680 |
| Fruits/vegetables | 1 | −0.043 | −0.629 | 0.542 | 0.885 | – | – | – | |||
| Carotenoids complex (LD) | 2 | 0.458 | −1.320 | 2.237 | 0.614 | 81.3% | 0.021 | Random | |||
| CAT | Overall | 3 | 0.173 | −0.285 | 0.631 | 0.459 | 0.5% | 0.366 | Fixed | 0.72 | 0.604 |
| Fruits/vegetables | 1 | 0.036 | −0.550 | 0.621 | 0.905 | – | – | – | |||
| Carotenoids complex (LD) | 2 | 0.390 | −0.346 | 1.125 | 0.299 | 31.8% | 0.226 | Fixed | |||
| GPx | Overall | 3 | 1.369 | −0.324 | 3.062 | 0.117 | 87.0% | 0.000 | Random | 4.84 | 0.130 |
| Fruits/vegetables | 1 | 0.046 | −0.539 | 0.632 | 0.877 | - | - | - | |||
| Carotenoids complex (LD) | 2 | 2.180 | −0.112 | 4.472 | 0.062 | 81.1% | 0.021 | Random | |||
| Carotenoid levels | |||||||||||
| β-carotene | Overall | 11 | 0.294 | −0.098 | 0.687 | 0.142 | 67.6% | 0.001 | Random | 0.85 | 0.416 |
| Fruits/vegetables | 6 | 0.189 | −0.227 | 0.605 | 0.373 | 64.7% | 0.015 | Random | |||
| Carotenoids complex (LD) | 5 | 0.496 | −0.399 | 1.392 | 0.277 | 74.7% | 0.003 | Random | |||
| Week 4 | 5 | −0.168 | −0.526 | 0.190 | 0.357 | 20.6% | 0.283 | Random | |||
| Week 8 | 4 | 0.490 | 0.123 | 0.858 | 0.009* | 0.00% | 0.451 | Random | |||
| Fruits/vegetables | 2 | 0.665 | 0.232 | 1.098 | 0.003* | 0.0% | 0.593 | Random | |||
| Carotenoids complex (LD) | 2 | 0.042 | −0.652 | 0.736 | 0.906 | 0.0% | 0.727 | Random | |||
| Week 12 | 2 | 1.281 | −0.435 | 2.996 | 0.143 | 88.0% | 0.004 | Random | |||
| α-carotene | Overall (week 4) | 4 | 0.322 | −0.011 | 0.655 | 0.058 | 0.0% | 0.837 | Fixed | 2.10 | 0.171 |
| Fruits/vegetables | 1 | 0.400 | −0.192 | 0.992 | 0.185 | – | – | – | |||
| Carotenoids complex (LD) | 3 | 0.286 | −0.118 | 0.689 | 0.165 | 0.0% | 0.686 | Fixed | |||
| lutein | Overall | 5 | 0.756 | −0.062 | 1.575 | 0.070 | 80.0% | 0.000 | Random | 2.38 | 0.097 |
| Carotenoids complex (LD) | 3 | 1.325 | −0.297 | 2.947 | 0.109 | 85.8% | 0.001 | Random | |||
| Fruits/vegetables | 2 | 0.138 | −0.291 | 0.566 | 0.528 | 0.0% | 0.627 | Random | |||
| Week 4 | 3 | 0.391 | −0.262 | 1.043 | 0.241 | 53.8% | 0.115 | Random | |||
| Week 12 | 2 | 1.229 | −1.235 | 3.693 | 0.328 | 92.5% | 0.000 | Random | |||
| Lycopene | Overall | 15 | 0.303 | −0.129 | 0.736 | 0.169 | 83.4% | 0.000 | Random | −0.28 | 0.783 |
| Fruits/vegetables | 8 | 0.202 | −0.276 | 0.681 | 0.408 | 84.2% | 0.000 | Random | |||
| Carotenoids complex (LD) | 7 | 0.611 | −0.372 | 1.595 | 0.223 | 84.9% | 0.000 | Random | |||
| Week 4 | 7 | 0.430 | −0.306 | 1.166 | 0.252 | 82.8% | 0.000 | Random | |||
| Week 8 | 8 | 0.258 | −0.279 | 0.795 | 0.346 | 83.7% | 0.000 | Random | |||
| Zeaxanthin | Overall (week 4) carotenoids complex (LD) | 3 | 0.249 | −0.153 | 0.651 | 0.225 | 0.0% | 0.936 | Random | 2.04 | 0.290 |
| α-tocopherol | Overall | 6 | 0.752 | 0.020 | 1.485 | 0.044* | 75.2% | 0.001 | Random | 4.01 | 0.016* |
| Fruits/vegetables | 2 | −0.102 | −0.530 | 0.326 | 0.641 | 0.0% | 0.760 | Random | |||
| Carotenoids complex (LD) | 4 | 1.314 | 0.520 | 2.107 | 0.001* | 48.5% | 0.120 | Random | |||
| Week 4 | 3 | 1.304 | −0.327 | 2.936 | 0.117 | 86.80% | 0.001 | Random | |||
| Week 8 | 3 | 0.284 | −0.351 | 0.919 | 0.381 | 39.20% | 0.193 | Random | |||
| Lipids or lipoproteins | |||||||||||
| HDL | Overall | 5 | 0.061 | −0.191 | 0.312 | 0.635 | 41.4% | 0.146 | Fixed | −0.51 | 0.642 |
| Carotenoids complex | 4 | 0.132 | −0.146 | 0.410 | 0.352 | 44.9% | 0.142 | Fixed | |||
| Carotenoids complex (LD) | 2 | 0.102 | −0.248 | 0.452 | 0.569 | 79.2% | 0.028 | Fixed | |||
| Carotenoids complex (MD) | 2 | 0.184 | −0.274 | 0.641 | 0.431 | 0.0% | 0.455 | Fixed | |||
| Fruits/vegetables | 1 | −0.258 | −0.846 | 0.330 | 0.390 | – | – | – | |||
| TG | Carotenoids complex | 3 | −0.410 | −0.698 | −0.122 | 0.005* | 0.0% | 0.405 | Fixed | −2.82 | 0.217 |
| Carotenoids complex (LD) | 2 | −0.297 | −0.646 | 0.052 | 0.095 | 0.0% | 0.460 | Fixed | |||
| Carotenoids complex (MD) | 1 | −0.652 | −1.163 | −0.140 | 0.013* | – | – | – | |||
FRAP, ferric-reducing ability of plasma; ORAC, oxygen radical absorbance capacity; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; HDL, high density lipoprotein; TG, total glyceride; LD, low dose (<20 mg); MD, medium dose (≥20 mg, <50 mg).
*
Significantly different (p < 0.05).