Table 4.
Descriptive analyses of included studies that had no sufficient data for meta-analyses.
| Measurement index | Intervention | References | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| β-carotene | |||
| Fruits/vegetables | Turner (31) | Plasma β-carotene increased 250% in the orange-fleshed sweet potatoes group, and the mean change in plasma β-carotene (0.306 ± 0.070 mmol/L) was different from that in the white-fleshed sweet potatoes group (p < 0.001). | |
| Carotenoids complex (HD) | Ma (33) | Significant increases of plasma β-carotene after 2 months supplementation in all three supplemented groups compared with the respective placebo groups (p < 0.001). | |
| carotenoids complex (LD) | Hininger (39) | Significant higher level of plasma β-carotene in the supplemented group at 9 months of gestation, comparing to placebo group (p < 0.05). | |
| α-carotene | |||
| Carotenoids complex (LD) | Ryu (30) | Remarkable changes of α-carotene between two groups (Chlorella 163.6%; placebo 15%; p < 0.0001). | |
| Lutein | |||
| Carotenoids complex (LD) | Ryu (30) | Remarkable changes of lutein two groups (Chlorella 89.6%; placebo −1.7%; p < 0.0001). | |
| Zeaxanthin | |||
| Carotenoids complex (LD) | Ryu (30) | Remarkable changes of zeaxanthin between two groups (Chlorella 89.6%; placebo −1.7%; p < 0.0001). | |
| α-tocopherol | |||
| Fruits/vegetables | Turner (31) | No significant differences between orange-fleshed sweet potatoes group and white-fleshed sweet potatoes group. | |
| HDL | |||
| Carotenoids complex (LD) | Ryu (30) | Remarkable changes of HDL (Chlorella 4.0%; placebo s betwep = 0.023) compared with placebo. | |
| TG | |||
| Carotenoids complex (LD) | Ryu (30) | Remarkable changes of TG (Chlorella 4.0%; placebo sweet pp = 0.023) compared with placebo. | |
HDL, high density lipoprotein; TG, triglyceride; LD, low dose (<20 mg); MD, medium dose (≥20 mg, <50 mg); HD, high dose (≥50 mg).