Table 2. Summary of telerehabilitation intervention characteristics.
| Dose | Training | Additional support | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study ID | ST/AT/TS | Telerehabilitation intervention components | Intervention duration | Number of sessions | Session duration | Other | Reported | Setting | Dose | Training description | Clinician | Carer | Technical |
| Physical function (n = 10)–functional independence (n = 6), balance (n = 2), gait (n = 1), assessment (n = 1) | |||||||||||||
| Asano 2019 | AT | Tablet-based rehab (remote monitoring) | 3 months | 1/week video | NR | Therapy 5/ week | √ | During hospital admission | 1–3 x 1-hour sessions | Training; Competency check; Guide; videos | - | √ | - |
| Videoconference | |||||||||||||
| Physiological sensors | |||||||||||||
| Chen 2017 | ST | Videoconference | 12 weeks | 2/day | 80 min | NR | √ | During hospital admission | NR | Training plus practice until competent | √ | √ | - |
| Physiological sensors | |||||||||||||
| Chumbler 2012 | AT | Video-recorded televisits | 3 months | 3 tele-visits, 5 calls | NR | Daily IHMD use | NR | - | - | - | √ | - | - |
| In-home messaging device | |||||||||||||
| Telephone | |||||||||||||
| Deng 2012 | AT | Videoconference | 1 month | 2/ week contact | NR | 20 days training | √ | Outpatient | NR | Instruction plus practice until competent | - | √ | - |
| Computerised rehab (remote monitoring) | |||||||||||||
| Physiological sensors | |||||||||||||
| Forducey 2012 | ST | Videoconference | 6 weeks | 2/ week sessions | NR | NR | NR | - | - | - | - | √ | - |
| Li 2020 | ST | Videoconference or telephone via WeChat app | 3 months | 2 calls | NR | Assessment only | √ | During hospital admission | NR | Trained on use | - | - | - |
| Lin 2014 | ST | Computerised VR/gaming therapy | 4 weeks | 3/ week | 50 min | - | √ | Not clear | NR | Operational technique training | √ | √ | - |
| Videoconference | |||||||||||||
| Physiological sensors | |||||||||||||
| Llorens 2015 | AT | VR/gaming therapy | 7 weeks | 3/ week | 45 min | - | NR | - | - | - | √ | - | √ |
| Telephone | |||||||||||||
| Rodgers 2019 | TS | Telephone | 18 months | 5 calls | 2 hrs | Included indirect time | NR | - | - | - | - | √ | - |
| Saal 2015 | TS | Telephone | 12 months | 12 calls | NR | NR | NR | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Upper limb rehabilitation (n = 5) | |||||||||||||
| Carey 2007 | AT | Computerised rehab (not monitored) | 10 days | 5 contacts | NR | 10 sessions (2–8 h / day) | √ | Out-patient | One | Supervised practice | √ | - | - |
| Videoconference | Video | ||||||||||||
| Cramer 2019 | ST | Videoconference | 6–8 weeks | 18 sessions | 70 min | 18 sessions un-supervised | √ | Out-patient | NR | Trained to use system | - | - | √ |
| VR/gaming | |||||||||||||
| Huijgen 2008 | AT | Video-recorded therapy | 1 month | 1 / week video | NR | Therapy 30 mins x 5/week | √ | Out-patient | 4 sessions | Training sessions | - | - | - |
| Videoconference | |||||||||||||
| Piron 2008 | ST | VR/ gaming | 1 month | 1 / day | 1 hour | - | √ | Not clear | NR | Briefly trained | - | - | √ |
| Videoconference | |||||||||||||
| Piron 2009 | ST | VR/ gaming | 1 month | 5 / week | 1 hour | - | √ | Not clear | NR | Training | √ | - | √ |
| Videoconference | |||||||||||||
| Self-management (n = 4)–secondary prevention (n = 2), physical activity (n = 1), health behaviours (n = 1) | |||||||||||||
| Grau-Pellicer 2020 | AT | Digital platform—app | 8 weeks | NR | NR | In-person group | √ | Out-patient | NR | Training and supervised use as required | √ | - | - |
| Group chat (WhatsApp) | |||||||||||||
| Joubert 2020 | TS | Telephone | 12 months | Dependent on risk | NR | - | NR | - | - | - | - | √ | - |
| Wan 2016 | TS | Telephone | 3 months | 3 calls | 15–20 min | NR | NR | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Wang 2020 | TS | Telephone calls | 6 months | 4 calls | NR | Weekly texts | NR | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Text reminder system | |||||||||||||
| Quality of life (n = 4)–QOL and health service use (n = 3), QOL and satisfaction with care (n = 1) | |||||||||||||
| Bishop 2014 | TS | Telephone | 3.5 months | 13 calls | 15 min | NR | NR | - | - | - | - | √ | - |
| Boter 2004 | TS | Telephone | 5 months | 3 calls | NR | 1 home visit | NR | - | - | - | - | √ | - |
| Mayo 2008 | TS | Telephone | 6 weeks | 7.8 calls | 5–20 mins | Based on needs | NR | - | - | - | √ | √ | - |
| Rochette 2013 | TS | Telephone | 6 months | 1/week, 2/month, 1/ month | 14.1±9.5 minutes | 10.3±5.4 minutes indirect time | NR | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Speech and language (n = 3) | |||||||||||||
| Maresca 2019 | AT | Tablet-based rehabilitation | 12 weeks | 2 / week calls | NR | Therapy 50 mins x 5/week | √ | Inpatient | NR | Training | - | - | - |
| Videoconference | |||||||||||||
| Meltzer 2018 | ST | Computerised therapy (iPad or computer) | 10 weeks | 1 / week | 1 hour | - | √ | Outpatient | 2 hours | Instruction | - | √ | - |
| Videoconference | |||||||||||||
| Ora 2020 | ST | Videoconference | 4 weeks | 5 / week | 1 hour | - | √ | Not clear | 30–60 mins | Training | - | - | - |
| Cognitive function (n = 2)–cognitive function (n = 1), memory (n = 1) | |||||||||||||
| Torrisi 2019 | AT | Tablet-based therapy (remote monitoring) | 12 weeks | 2 / week video | NR | 3/ week therapy | NR | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Videoconference | |||||||||||||
| Withiel 2019 | AT | Telephone | 6 weeks | 1 / week call | 30 mins | 5 / week training | NR | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Online computerised therapy (remote monitoring) | |||||||||||||
| Mental health–depression (n = 2) | |||||||||||||
| Kirkness 2017 | TS | Telephone | 6 weeks | 6 calls | 10–80 mins | - | √ | At home or outpatient | 1 session | Orientation session | - | √ | - |
| Manuals | |||||||||||||
| Smith 2012 | TS | Online communication (email, chat forum) | 11 weeks | 2 / week chats | NR | NR | √ | Self-led | NR | Online and hard copy tutorials | - | √ | √ |
| Visual impairment (n = 1) | |||||||||||||
| Svaerke 2019 | AT | Telephone | 3 weeks | 1 / week call | NR | Therapy every second day | √ | Not clear | NR | Instruction | - | - | - |
| Online computerised therapy (not remotely monitored) | |||||||||||||
AT–asynchronous telerehabilitation; ST–synchronous telerehabilitation; TS–tele-support; NR–not reported; Min–minutes; H–hours; VR–virtual reality.