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. 2022 Apr 27;13:860807. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.860807

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Copyright © 2022 Wang, Gong, Zhou, Hu, Wang, Shen, Yu and Cao

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Egg-derived exosomes from Schistosoma japonicum can promote liver fibrosis. (A) Western blotting detection of markers of egg-derived exosomes of S. japonicum. (B) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of exocrine. (C) At 24 h after stimulation of LX-2 human hepatic stellate) cells (HSCs) by egg-derived exosomes of S. japonicum, mRNA levels of smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen (Col) 1 (α1), and collagen (Col) 3 (α1) were measured by qPCR. Results are averaged from three independent experiments, and Student’s t-tests were applied to assess differences between two groups. The mRNA expression levels of α-SMA, Col 1 (α1) and Col 3 (α1) were normalized against GAPDH **p < 0.001, ***p < 0.0005.