Table 1.

Characteristics of HIV-1 elite controller innate immune cells.

Innate immune cells	Characteristics in ECs
NK cells	•Association of KIR haplotypes with HIV-1 protection (35) •Robust cytotoxicity against target cells (36) •Lower percentage of defective CD56-CD16+ cells (25) •Increased activating receptor expression (37) •Upregulated IFNγ secretion (38)
ILCs	•Maintenance of all ILC subsets in PBMCs (39)
cDCs	•More circulating cDCs (40, 41) •Elevated cGAS signaling by HIV-1 stimulation (42) •More autologous T cell activation induced (42) •Increased receptor expression for antigen capture (43)
pDCs	• More in circulation than in viremic individuals (38, 44, 45) • Secrete equivalent levels of type 1 IFN to uninfected people (38, 44, 45) • Intracellular-specific TRAIL expression (45) • Equivalent gut homing marker expression to uninfected individuals (24)
Monocytes	• Lower percentages of CD14++CD16+ monocytes (46) • Weaker responses to LPS stimulation (47)
Macrophages	• Similar HIV-1 susceptibility to viremic individuals (48)
Granulocytes	•Upregulated antiviral factor expression by HIV-1 stimulation (40) •Better survival of neutrophils cultured in supernatant from HIV-1 infected PBMCs (49)

The distinguished hallmarks of each innate immune cell in HIV-1 elite controllers are tabulated. ECs, elite controllers; NK, natural killer; ILCs, innate lymphoid cells; DCs, dendritic cells; cDCs, conventional dendritic cells; pDCs, plasmacytoid dendritic cells; IFN, interferon.