Table 2.
Clinical outcomes of COVID-19 survivors who completed 6-month, 12-month, and 2-year follow-up
|
Total (n=1192) |
Scale 3 (n=295) |
Scale 4 (n=806) |
Scale 5–6 (n=91) |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 months | 12 months | 2 years | 6 months | 12 months | 2 years | 6 months | 12 months | 2 years | 6 months | 12 months | 2 years | |
| Sequelae symptoms | ||||||||||||
| Any of the following symptoms | 777/1149 (68%) | 583/1188 (49%)* | 650/1190 (55%)†‡ | 194/286 (68%) | 141 (48%)* | 158/294 (54%)† | 509/774 (66%) | 395/802 (49%)* | 440/805 (55%)† | 74/89 (83%) | 47 (52%)* | 52 (57%)† |
| Fatigue or muscle weakness | 593/1151 (52%) | 240/1188 (20%)* | 357/1190 (30%)†‡ | 143/286 (50%) | 60 (20%)* | 89/294 (30%)†‡ | 385/776 (50%) | 161/802 (20%)* | 235/805 (29%)†‡ | 65/89 (73%) | 19 (21%)* | 33 (36%)† |
| Sleep difficulties | 313/1151 (27%) | 206/1188 (17%)* | 298/1190 (25%)‡ | 75/286 (26%) | 47 (16%)* | 70/294 (24%)‡ | 205/776 (26%) | 146/802 (18%)* | 203/805 (25%)‡ | 33/89 (37%) | 13 (14%)* | 25 (27%) |
| Hair loss | 252/1151 (22%) | 131/1188 (11%)* | 142/1190 (12%)† | 61/286 (21%) | 27 (9%)* | 41/294 (14%) | 169/776 (22%) | 97/802 (12%)* | 88/805 (11%)† | 22/89 (25%) | 7 (8%)* | 13 (14%) |
| Smell disorder | 128/1151 (11%) | 56/1188 (5%)* | 67/1190 (6%)† | 32/286 (11%) | 16 (5%) | 21/294 (7%) | 82/776 (11%) | 34/802 (4%)* | 42/805 (5%)† | 14/89 (16%) | 6 (7%) | 4 (4%)† |
| Joint pain | 126/1147 (11%) | 141/1188 (12%) | 117/1190 (10%) | 40/287 (14%) | 33 (11%) | 30/294 (10%) | 70/772 (9%) | 93/802 (12%) | 79/805 (10%) | 16/88 (18%) | 15 (16%) | 8 (9%) |
| Palpitations | 108/1151 (9%) | 110/1188 (9%) | 145/1190 (12%) | 28/286 (10%) | 19 (6%) | 41/294 (14%)‡ | 66/776 (9%) | 84/802 (10%) | 95/805 (12%) | 14/89 (16%) | 7 (8%) | 9 (10%) |
| Decreased appetite | 92/1151 (8%) | 34/1188 (3%)* | 33/1190 (3%)† | 25/286 (9%) | 6 (2%)* | 10/294 (3%) | 56/776 (7%) | 25/802 (3%)* | 21/805 (3%)† | 11/89 (12%) | 3 (3%) | 2 (2%) |
| Taste disorder | 87/1151 (8%) | 35/1188 (3%)* | 35/1190 (3%)† | 21/286 (7%) | 6 (2%)* | 11/294 (4%) | 58/776 (7%) | 29/802 (4%)* | 20/805 (2%)† | 8/89 (9%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (4%) |
| Dizziness | 64/1151 (6%) | 61/1188 (5%) | 131/1190 (11%)†‡ | 19/286 (7%) | 15 (5%) | 31/294 (11%) | 39/776 (5%) | 38/802 (5%) | 90/805 (11%)†‡ | 6/89 (7%) | 8 (9%) | 10 (11%) |
| Chest pain | 53/1147 (5%) | 86/1188 (7%)* | 83/1190 (7%) | 15/287 (5%) | 23 (8%) | 19/294 (6%) | 34/772 (4%) | 59/802 (7%) | 54/805 (7%) | 4/88 (5%) | 4 (4%) | 10 (11%) |
| Sore throat or difficult to swallow | 45/1151 (4%) | 40/1188 (3%) | 64/1190 (5%) | 18/286 (6%) | 11 (4%) | 20/294 (7%) | 23/776 (3%) | 26/802 (3%) | 40/805 (5%) | 4/89 (4%) | 3 (3%) | 4 (4%) |
| Skin rash | 36/1151 (3%) | 50/1188 (4%) | 34/1190 (3%) | 11/286 (4%) | 13 (4%) | 6/294 (2%) | 21/776 (3%) | 35/802 (4%) | 25/805 (3%) | 4/89 (4%) | 2 (2%) | 3 (3%) |
| Myalgia | 31/1147 (3%) | 50/1188 (4%) | 88/1190 (7%)†‡ | 9/287 (3%) | 11 (4%) | 22/294 (7%) | 19/772 (2%) | 34/802 (4%) | 59/805 (7%)†‡ | 3/88 (3%) | 5 (5%) | 7 (8%) |
| Headache | 20/1147 (2%) | 55/1188 (5%)* | 81/1190 (7%)† | 6/287 (2%) | 15 (5%) | 23/294 (8%)† | 11/772 (1%) | 36/802 (4%)* | 50/805 (6%)† | 3/88 (3%) | 4 (4%) | 8 (9%) |
| Nausea or vomiting | 17/1150 (1%) | 10/1188 (1%) | 27/1190 (2%)‡ | 8/286 (3%) | 4 (1%) | 8/294 (3%) | 9/775 (1%) | 4/802 (0%) | 18/805 (2%)‡ | 0/89 (0%) | 2 (2%) | 1 (1%) |
| mMRC dyspnoea score | ||||||||||||
| 0 | 816/1104 (74%) | 834/1187 (70%)* | 1023/1191 (86%)†‡ | 216/288 (75%) | 222/294 (76%) | 253 (86%)†‡ | 551/734 (75%) | 556/802 (69%) | 694/805 (86%)†‡ | 49/82 (60%) | 56 (62%) | 76 (84%)†‡ |
| ≥1 | 288/1104 (26%) | 353/1187 (30%)* | 168/1191 (14%)†‡ | 72/288 (25%) | 72/294 (24%) | 42 (14%)†‡ | 183/734 (25%) | 246/802 (31%) | 111/805 (14%)†‡ | 33/82 (40%) | 35 (38%) | 15 (16%)†‡ |
| EQ-5D-5L§ | ||||||||||||
| Pain or discomfort | 300/1104 (27%) | 348/1187 (29%) | 284/1191 (24%)‡ | 78/286 (27%) | 78/294 (27%) | 73 (25%) | 189/736 (26%) | 240/802 (30%) | 189/805 (23%)‡ | 33/82 (40%) | 30 (33%) | 22 (24%) |
| Anxiety or depression | 256/1105 (23%) | 312/1187 (26%) | 143/1191 (12%)†‡ | 70/288 (24%) | 73/294 (25%) | 34 (12%)†‡ | 158/736 (21%) | 213/802 (27%)* | 98/805 (12%)†‡ | 28/81 (35%) | 26 (29%) | 11 (12%)†‡ |
| Mobility problem | 68/1109 (6%) | 106/1187 (9%)* | 42/1191 (4%)†‡ | 15/289 (5%) | 21/294 (7%) | 10 (3%) | 40/738 (5%) | 78/802 (10%) | 27/805 (3%)‡ | 13/82 (16%) | 7 (8%) | 5 (5%) |
| Personal care problem | 8/1109 (1%) | 17/1187 (1%) | 14/1191 (1%) | 0/289 (0%) | 3/294 (1%) | 4 (1%) | 7/738 (1%) | 11/802 (1%) | 8/805 (1%) | 1/82 (1%) | 3 (3%) | 2 (2%) |
| Usual activity problem | 16/1100 (1%) | 14/1187 (1%) | 35/1191 (3%)†‡ | 3/288 (1%) | 2/294 (1%) | 8 (3%) | 10/731 (1%) | 10/802 (1%) | 20/805 (2%) | 3/81 (4%) | 2 (2%) | 7 (8%) |
| Utility index score¶ | 1·0 (0·9–1·0) | 1·0 (0·9–1·0)* | 1·0 (0·9–1·0)‡ | 1·0 (0·9–1·0) | 1·0 (0·9–1·0) | 1·0 (0·9–1·0) | 1·0 (0·9–1·0) | 1·0 (0·9–1·0)* | 1·0 (0·9–1·0)‡ | 1·0 (0·9–1·0) | 1·0 (0·9–1·0) | 1·0 (0·9–1·0) |
| EQ-VAS score | 80·0 (75·0–90·0) | 80·0 (70·0–90·0) | 80·0 (70·0–90·0)† | 80·0 (70·0–90·0) | 80·0 (70·0–90·0) | 80·0 (70·0–90·0) | 80·0 (75·0–90·0) | 80·0 (75·0–90·0)* | 80·0 (70·0–90·0)† | 80·0 (70·0–90·0) | 80·0 (70·0–85·0) | 80·0 (70·0–90·0) |
| Distance walked in 6 min, m | 495·0 (450·0–540·0) | 495·0 (445·0–545·0) | 512·0 (458·0–563·0)†‡ | 494·5 (450·0–540·0) | 495·0 (440·0–540·0) | 510·0 (455·0–564·0)†‡ | 496·0 (450·0–540·0) | 495·0 (445·0–545·0) | 510·0 (457·0–555·0)†‡ | 495·0 (430·0–528·0) | 496·5 (455·0–551·0) | 530·0 (480·0–600·0)†‡ |
| Percentage of predicted value‖ | 88·1 (79·7–96·2) | 90·2 (81·6–98·8) | 94·0 (84·7–104·1)†‡ | 86·9 (78·5–94·9) | 89·6 (81·0–96·7) | 93·8 (85·0–103·5)†‡ | 88·7 (80·5–97·1) | 90·7 (82·6–100·2) | 94·1 (84·6–104·0)†‡ | 83·6 (76·0–92·8) | 87·9 (80·4–98·0) | 95·0 (84·5–105·9)†‡ |
| Less than LLN** | 156/1105 (14%) | 132/1167 (11%) | 89/1065 (8%)† | 45/287 (16%) | 36/286 (13%) | 17/254 (7%)† | 91/738 (12%) | 81/793 (10%) | 65/726 (9%)† | 20/80 (25%) | 15/88 (17%) | 7/85 (8%)† |
| Mental health | ||||||||||||
| Anxiety symptom (GAD-7≥5) | NA | NA | 98/1187 (8%) | NA | NA | 26/294 (9%) | NA | NA | 66/802 (8%) | NA | NA | 6 (7%) |
| Depression symptom (PHQ-9≥5) | NA | NA | 75/1190 (6%) | NA | NA | 25 (8%) | NA | NA | 45/804 (6%) | NA | NA | 5 (5%) |
| PTSD symptom (PCL-C ≥38) | NA | NA | 27/1189 (2%) | NA | NA | 12 (4%) | NA | NA | 14/803 (2%) | NA | NA | 1 (1%) |
| Health-care use | ||||||||||||
| Outpatient clinic visit | NA | 215/1169 (18%) | 226/1187 (19%) | NA | 54/290 (19%) | 56/294 (19%) | NA | 149/790 (19%) | 150/803 (19%) | NA | 12/89 (13%) | 20/90 (22%) |
| Hospitalisation | NA | 152/1169 (13%) | 159/1187 (13%) | NA | 38/290 (13%) | 45/294 (15%) | NA | 100/790 (13%) | 95/803 (12%) | NA | 14/89 (16%) | 19/90 (21%) |
| Emergency department visit | NA | 12/1169 (1%) | 7/1187 (1%) | NA | 3/290 (1%) | 2/294 (1%) | NA | 8/790 (1%) | 5/803 (1%) | NA | 1/89 (1%) | 0/90 (0%) |
| Returned to original work†† | NA | 401/455 (88%) | 438/494 (89%) | NA | 99/115 (86%) | 112/124 (90%) | NA | 268/300 (89%) | 282/321 (88%) | NA | 34/40 (85%) | 44/49 (90%) |
Data are median (IQR), n (%), or n/N (%). Scale 3 indicates those who did not require supplemental oxygen during hospitalisation; scale 4 indicates those who required supplemental oxygen; and scale 5–6 indicates those who required high-flow nasal cannula, non-invasive mechanical ventilation, or invasive mechanical ventilation. The differing denominators used indicate missing data. mMRC=modified British Medical Research Council. EQ-VAS=EuroQol Visual Analogue Scale. LLN=lower limit of normal range. GAD-7=Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7. PHQ-9=Patient Health Questionnaire 9. PTSD=post-traumatic stress disorder. PCL-C=Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist, Civilian version. NA=not applicable.
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 12-month with 6-month follow-up.
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 6-month follow-up.
p<4·17 × 10−3 for the comparison of 2-year with 12-month follow-up.
Detailed results of EQ-5D-5L questionnaire of COVID-19 survivors are shown in the appendix (p 17); EQ-VAS scores range from 0–100, with higher scores indicating better health status.
Utility index score: 1 indicates perfect health, 0 indicates death, and negative scores represent values as worse than death.
Predicted values were calculated according to the method of Enright and Sherrill.
The LLN was calculated by subtracting 153 m from the predicted value for men or by subtracting 139 m for women.
This category only includes those who had a full-time or part-time job before COVID-19.