Table 2.
Demographics and clinical findings.
| All patients (N = 91) | Probable psychiatric autoimmune encephalitis (N = 21) | Possible psychiatric autoimmune encephalitis (N = 70) | Statisticsc | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic information | ||||
| Females (%): males (%) | 52 (57%): 39 (43%) | 14 (67%): 7 (33%) | 38 (54%): 32 (46%) | χ2 = 1.011, p = 0.315 |
| Mean age ± SD | 40.53 ± 16.05 (N = 88)a | 35.20 ± 17.53 (N = 20) | 42.10 ± 15.37 (N = 68) | T = −1.710, p = 0.091 |
| Psychometric information | ||||
| Disturbance of consciousness | 1% (1/90) | 0% (0/21) | 1% (1/69) | χ2 = 0.308, p = 0.579 |
| Disorientation | 21% (17/82) | 53% (9/17) | 12% (8/65) | χ2 = 13.539, p < 0.001 |
| Attention and concentration deficits | 74% (54/73) | 71% (10/14) | 75% (44/59) | χ2 = 0.058, p = 0.809 |
| Impaired memory | 45% (34/75) | 81% (13/16) | 36% (21/59) | χ2 = 10.587, p = 0.001 |
| Formal thought dysfunction | 70% (54/77) | 53% (8/15) | 74% (46/62) | χ2 = 2.509, p = 0.113 |
| Anxiety and obsessive-compulsive symptoms | 44% (31/71) | 33% (4/12) | 46% (27/59) | χ2 = 0.626, p = 0.429 |
| Delusions | 53% (40/76) | 60% (9/15) | 51% (31/61) | χ2 = 0.407, p = 0.523 |
| Acoustical hallucinations | 29% (21/72) | 27% (4/15) | 30% (17/57) | χ2 = 0.057, p = 0.811 |
| Optical hallucinations | 20% (15/74) | 38% (6/16) | 16% (9/58) | χ2 = 3.750, p = 0.053 |
| Loss of ego-boundaries | 23% (15/66) | 36% (4/11) | 20% (11/55) | χ2 = 1.398, p = 0.237 |
| Affective disorder | 93% (77/83) | 94% (16/17) | 92% (61/66) | χ2 = 0.058, p = 0.810 |
| Altered energy and psychomotor activity | 87% (66/76) | 93% (14/15) | 85% (52/61) | χ2 = 0.689, p = 0.406 |
| Suicidality | 26% (19/72) | 8% (1/12) | 30% (18/60) | χ2 = 2.417, p = 0.120 |
| Behavior harmful to others | 6% (4/72) | 15% (2/13) | 3% (2/59) | χ2 = 2.921, p = 0.087 |
| Sleep disturbance | 64% (43/67) | 50% (6/12) | 67% (37/55) | χ2 = 1.278, p = 0.258 |
| Additional symptoms | ||||
| Nonspecific accompanying neurological signs overall | 26% (23/89) | 24% (5/21) | 26% (18/68) | χ2 = 0.059, p = 0.808 |
| Motor symptomsb | 19% (17/89) | 10% (2/21) | 22% (15/68) | |
| Dissociative states | 2% (2/89) | 10% (2/21) | 0% (0/68) | |
| Hyposmia | 1% (1/89) | 0% (0/21) | 1% (1/68) | |
| Visual symptoms | 2% (2/89) | 5% (1/21) | 1% (1/68) | |
| Headache | 1% (1/89) | 0% (0/21) | 1% (1/68) | |
| Autonomic dysregulation overall | 6% (5/86) | 15% (3/20) | 3% (2/66) | χ2 = 4.016, p = 0.045 |
| Urinary incontinence | 1% (1/86) | 0% (0/20) | 2% (1/66) | |
| Heavy sweating | 1% (1/86) | 0% (0/20) | 2% (1/66) | |
| Tachycardia | 1% (1/86) | 5% (1/20) | 0% (0/66) | |
| Hypertensive crisis | 1% (1/86) | 5% (1/20) | 0% (0/66) | |
| Syncope | 1% (1/86) | 5% (1/20) | 0% (0/66) | |
Abs autoantibodies.
aNot available from three patients.
bConsidered to be caused by medication or catatonia by treating physicians.
cStatistics refer to the comparison between patients with probable and possible psychiatric autoimmune encephalitis.
Significant changes are marked in bold.