Table 6.
Basic information used in the derivation of bromate pool water and drinking water guideline values
| Bromate value [µg/L] | Pivotal study | Species | Critical effect, target organ | Dose descriptor (oral uptake) | Extra carcinogenic risk | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pool water | |||||||
| Anses | 8.7–2480 | DeAngelo et al. (1998) | Rat | Renal tumors | 0.0143 µg/kg bw/d (body dose), 0.7 [mg/kg bw/d]−1 (Slope factor) | 1: 100,000 | Anses (2012) |
| Germany | 2000a | n.a | n.a | n.a | n.a | n.a | DIN 19,643–1:2012–11 2012; UBA (2014) |
| The Netherlands | 100 | n.a | Rat | Renal tumors | 0.05 µg/kg bw/d | 1: 100,000 | RIVM (2014) |
| Switzerland | 200 | n.a | n.a | n.a | n.a | n.a | EDI (2016) |
| ECHA | 100b | n.a | Rat | Renal tumors | 0.05 µg/kg bw/d | 1: 100,000 | |
| Drinking water | |||||||
| U.S. EPA, IRIS | 0.5 | DeAngelo et al. (1998) | Rat | Kidney renal tubule tumors, mesotheliomas, and thyroid follicular cell tumors | 0.7 [mg/kg bw/d]−1 (Oral Slope Factor), 2 × 10–5 [µg/L]−1 (Drinking Water Unit Risk) | 1: 100,000 | US EPA (2001, 2021)c |
| OEHHA |
0.1 (Public Health Goal) 10 (MCL) 50 |
DeAngelo et al. (1998) | Rat |
Mesothelioma, kidney tumors, and thyroid tumors Renal pelvis urothelial hyperplasia |
0.21 mg/kg bw/d 0.011 mg/kg bw/d (ADD, acceptable daily dose) |
1:1,000,000 1:10,000 (Cancer Risk at MCL) – |
OEHHA (2009) |
| WHO |
10 (Provisional Guideline Value) 2 |
DeAngelo et al. (1998) | Rat | 0.19 mg/kg bw/d | 1:100,000 | World Health Organization 2017f | |
| U.S. EPA, Office of Water |
zero (MCLGd) 10 (MCLd) 140 (DWELd) 5 |
DeAngelo et al. (1998) | Rat | 4 µg/kg bw/d (RfD) |
– 1:10,000 |
US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water (2018)e | |
| Health Canada |
10 (MAC) g 4 (carcinogenic effects) 40 (non-cancer effects), (HBV, health-based value) |
DeAngelo et al. (1998) |
Tumors of the testicular mesothelium Urothelial hyperplasia |
2.6 × 10−3 mg/L−1 (Cancer Slope Factor) 49.7 mg/L (BMDL10), TDI = 0.001 mg/kg bw/d |
1:100,000 | Health Canada (2019)h | |
| European Union | 10 | EU (2020)i | |||||
aThe detailed rationale can be seen in UBA (2009) (unpublished report)
bECHA (2017) has adopted RIVM (2014) guideline value
cThe current IRIS data is based on EPA´s report first published in 2001
dMCLG (Maximum Contaminant Level Goal); MCL (Maximum Contaminant Level); DWEL (Drinking Water Equivalent Level) (DWEL obtained from the RfD of 0.004 mg/kg bw/d)
eThe toxicological data used is based on US EPA (2001)
fThe detailed rationale can be seen in WHO (2005)
gMaximum Acceptable Concentration. The MAC takes into consideration limitations in analytical methodology and treatment technologies
hThe corresponding Guideline Technical Document is Health Canada (2018)
iThe European Union has adopted WHO´s (2017) guideline value