Table 3.
Total societal cost (PPPM) incurred by patients with AD, stratified by dementia severity
| Author, year (study name) | Setting | Total societal cost (per month) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mild | Moderate | Moderate-to-severe | p value | ||
| Robinson, 2020 (GERAS-US) | USA | $4243* | – | – | – |
| $2653† | – | – | – | ||
| Reed, 2017 (GERAS) | France | €1327‡ | €1878‡ | €2328‡ | NR |
| Germany | €1445‡ | €2357‡ | €2830‡ | NR | |
| UK | €1676‡ | €2002‡ | €2822‡ | NR | |
| Lenox-Smith, 2016 (GERAS) | UK | £1437‡ | £1717‡ | £2420‡ | < 0.001 |
| Maresova, 2018 (meta-analysis) | France, Spain | €2668 | – | €5270 | NR |
| Rapp, 2018 (GERAS) | France | €1341‡ | €1905‡ | €2454‡ | < 0.001 |
| Bruno, 2018 (GERAS II) | Italy | €1850 | €1552 | €2728 | < 0.001 |
| Chiatti, 2015 | Italy | – | €1677** | – | NA |
| Olazaran, 2017 (GERAS II) | Spain | €1514 | €2082 | €2818 | < 0.001 |
| Darba, 2015*** | Spain | €2623†† | €5765†† | €8746††,‡‡ | < 0.001 |
| Nakanishi, 2020 (GERAS-J) | Japan | JPY 158,454 ($1483) | JPY 211,302 ($1977) | JPY 294,224 ($2753) | NR††† |
| Jia, 2018; Yan, 2019 | China | $1133** | $1399** | $2167**,‡‡ | < 0.001 |
AD Alzheimer disease, CDR Clinical Dementia Rating, GERAS Geriatric Education and Research in Aging Sciences, MMSE Mini-Mental State Exam, NA not applicable, NR not reported, PPPM per patient per month, UK United Kingdom
*Caregiver costs calculated using opportunity cost method, in which hours of lost productivity are multiplied by average annual gross hourly wage for workers and lost leisure time (valued at 35% of hourly worker wage) for non-workers
†Caregiver costs calculated using replacement cost method, in which hours of lost productivity are multiplied by professional caregiver/aide hourly wage
Costs reported over longer time frames (18 months‡, 12 months**, or 6 months††) were adjusted as appropriate to generate monthly costs
‡‡Costs for patients with severe AD dementia, rather than moderate-to-severe AD dementia
***Severity was indicated by CDR score of 1 (mild), 2 (moderate), or 3 (severe), rather than by MMSE score as with other studies in this table
†††While no p value was provided, these results were described as significant and had 95% confidence intervals that did not overlap, indicating significance