TABLE 1.
Sample characteristics.
| Without cardiovascular disease (N = 360) |
With cardiovascular disease (N = 99) |
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| Male (N = 187) |
Female (N = 173) |
Male (N = 71) |
Female (N = 28) |
|
| Age [years] | 49.0 ± 18.3 | 51.2 ± 19.0 | 68.5 ± 12.5* | 72.0 ± 13.4* |
| O2peak [ml/min/kg] | 40.5 ± 9.5 | 32.4 ± 8.0 | 24.9 ± 8.5* | 19.4 ± 5.9* |
| BMI [kg/m2] | 24.0 ± 2.4 | 22.6 ± 2.5 | 27.3 ± 3.5* | 25.5 ± 3.3* |
| MAP [mmHg] | 94.9 ± 8.2 | 91.1 ± 9.5 | 97.3 ± 10.8 | 97.7 ± 10.7* |
| HbA1c [%] | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 5.2 ± 0.4 | 5.8 ± 0.6* | 5.6 ± 0.4* |
| Triglycerides [mg/dL] | 131.3 ± 71.5 | 99.8 ± 48.9 | 125.8 ± 73.1 | 140.5 ± 88.8* |
| LDL-cholesterol [mg/dL] | 118.2 ± 25.9 | 123.6 ± 29.2 | 101.4 ± 31.4* | 123.6 ± 31.1 |
| hs-CrP [mg/L] | 1.8 ± 4.1 | 1.9 ± 3.7 | 3.0 ± 3.8* | 2.5 ± 2.0 |
| Creatinine [mg/L] | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.1 ± 0.4* | 0.8 ± 0.2 |
| NT-pro-BNP [pg/mL] | 77.9 ± 75.1 | 128.5 ± 96.1 | 468.1 ± 667.3* | 564.8 ± 829.5* |
| FMD [%] | 6.6 ± 4.0 | 7.8 ± 4.3 | 4.6 ± 3.2* | 4.3 ± 3.5* |
| L-FMC [%] | −0.6 ± 2.8 | −0.7 ± 3.1 | −0.3 ± 2.0 | −1.2 ± 3.0 |
| Pre-cuff-infl. diam. [mm] | 4.2 ± 0.5 | 3.4 ± 0.4 | 4.4 ± 0.6 | 3.7 ± 0.6* |
| Resting heart rate [bpm] | 57.1 ± 9.2 | 58.7 ± 8.6 | 58.4 ± 8.9 | 61.5 ± 9.8 |
O2peak = peak oxygen consumption; BMI = Body mass index; MAP = Mean arterial pressure; HbA1c = glycated hemoglobin; LDL-cholesterol = Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; hs-CrP = high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; NT-pro-BNP = n-terminal-pro-brain natriuretic peptide; FMD = flow-mediated vasodilation; L-FMC = low flow-mediated vasoconstriction; Pre-cuff-infl. diam. = pre-cuff-inflation diameter; *significantly different from “without cardiovascular disease” (independent student’s t-test, significance level p = 0.05).