. 2022 May 11;12:7696. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-11675-x

Table 5.

Whole-body proximate and amino acid compositions.

Proximate composition (W/W%)	Clam meal levels (%)
Proximate composition (W/W%)	0%	10%	20%	30%
Crude protein*	34.38 ± 0.92^b	40.00 ± 1.11^a	42.24 ± 1.22^a	43.56 ± 1.40^a
Crude fat	59.05 ± 0.89^a	52.60 ± 1.31^b	49.05 ± 1.44^b	49.50 ± 0.82^b
Fiber	0.14 ± 0.02	0.24 ± 0.05	0.29 ± 0.04	3.12 ± 2.63
Ash	7.31 ± 0.36^b	7.91 ± 0.29^ab	9.90 ± 0.64^a	8.43 ± 0.76^ab
Essential amino acids (W/W%)
Threonine	1.52 ± 0.03^b	1.66 ± 0.06^ab	1.81 ± 0.08^a	1.85 ± 0.05^a
Valine	1.79 ± 0.04^b	1.96 ± 0.07^ab	2.12 ± 0.09^a	2.17 ± 0.06^a
Methionine	1.08 ± 0.06	1.10 ± 0.04	1.18 ± 0.05	1.22 ± 0.03
Isoleucine	1.60 ± 0.02^b	1.75 ± 0.06^ab	1.88 ± 0.08^a	1.93 ± 0.05^a
Leucine	2.55 ± 0.04^b	2.78 ± 0.11^ab	3.03 ± 0.13^a	3.11 ± 0.09^a
Phenylalanine	1.49 ± 0.03^b	1.67 ± 0.07^ab	1.79 ± 0.07^a	1.85 ± 0.05^a
Lysine	2.87 ± 0.05^b	3.11 ± 0.11^ab	3.43 ± 0.14^a	3.48 ± 0.10^a
Histidine	0.80 ± 0.02^b	0.90 ± 0.03^ab	0.96 ± 0.04^a	0.98 ± 0.03^a
Arginine	2.16 ± 0.08^b	2.45 ± 0.08^ab	2.58 ± 0.10^a	2.66 ± 0.07^a
Tryptophan	0.24 ± 0.01^b	0.29 ± 0.01^ab	0.30 ± 0.02^ab	0.33 ± 0.02^a
Conditional essential amino acid (W/W%)
Taurine	0.18 ± 0.03^a	0.10 ± 0.04^ab	0.00 ± 0.00^c	0.02 ± 0.02^bc
Non-essential amino acids (W/W%)
Hydroxyproline	0.56 ± 0.07	0.63 ± 0.03	0.68 ± 0.05	0.62 ± 0.04
Aspartic	3.29 ± 0.06^b	3.61 ± 0.13^ab	3.88 ± 0.16^a	3.97 ± 0.11^a
Serine	1.27 ± 0.03^b	1.40 ± 0.04^ab	1.54 ± 0.07^a	1.54 ± 0.03^a
Glutamic	4.54 ± 0.09^b	5.01 ± 0.15^ab	5.46 ± 0.21^a	5.50 ± 0.14^a
Proline	1.93 ± 0.04^b	2.11 ± 0.07^ab	2.34 ± 0.09^a	2.22 ± 0.05^a
Glycine	2.62 ± 0.19^b	2.96 ± 0.07^ab	3.16 ± 0.14^a	3.06 ± 0.10^ab
Alanine	2.22 ± 0.07^b	2.46 ± 0.07^ab	2.68 ± 0.10^a	2.66 ± 0.06^a
Cysteine	0.40 ± 0.03	0.39 ± 0.01	0.43 ± 0.02	0.45 ± 0.01
Tyrosine	1.03 ± 0.03^b	1.11 ± 0.05^ab	1.24 ± 0.05^a	1.26 ± 0.04^a
Hydroxylysine	0.10 ± 0.01	0.10 ± 0.00	0.12 ± 0.01	0.10 ± 0.01
Total amino acids (W/W%)	34.29 ± 0.77^b	37.60 ± 1.11^ab	40.70 ± 1.53^a	41.03 ± 0.96^a

Analyzed by the Experiment Station Chemical Laboratories (ESCL), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211. Results are expressed on an "as is" basis unless otherwise indicated.

W/W% = grams per 100 g of sample.

Crude protein* = %N × 6.25.

^a,b,cMean values within a row with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (P < 0.05).