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. 2022 Apr 28;13:843520. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.843520

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Effects of isocaloric ketogenic diet on secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α from macrophages. Secretion of IL-1β: ELISA assay measurement of IL-1β secretion from macrophages exposed to 2 mM ATP (A) or 0.2 mM palmitate (B) with 0.1 µg/ml LPS priming; changes in serum IL-1β levels (C); TNF-α secretion from macrophages exposed to ATP (D) or palmitate (E). Experiments with macrophage were repeated two or three times per sample; graphs are drawn using mean values of those results per sample, whereas statistical significance is derived from raw data. Two-sided paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed rank test; *P <0.05, **P <0.01, and ***P <0.001 vs. baseline. PA, palmitate; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; KD, ketogenic diet; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.