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. 2022 Apr 28;13:843520. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.843520

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Effects of FGF21 as a mediator of ketogenic diet on NLRP3 inflammasome signaling activation in human macrophages. Changes in serum FGF21 levels from baseline to day 3 of isocaloric KD (A); ELISA assay measurement of IL-1β secretion from macrophages primed with 0.1 µg/ml LPS and stimulated with 2 mM ATP in the presence of various dose of FGF21 (15, 30, 100 nM) for 24h (B), BHB (1 mM), FGF21 (100 nM), or both (C), bafilomycin (10 nM), FGF21 (30 nM), or both (D). Data are represented as mean ± SEM. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sided paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed rank test; *P <0.05, **P <0.01, ***P <0.001, and ****P <0.0001. ATP, adenosine triphosphate; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21; N.S., non-significant; KD, ketogenic diet; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; BHB, β-hydroxybutyrate.