TABLE 2.
Differences in acoustic characteristics between the depression and control groups under different emotional tasks N = 133.
| Depression group (n = 71) Mean (SD) |
Control group (n = 62) Mean (SD) |
Group effect | |||||||
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| Positive | Neutral | Negative | Positive | Neutral | Negative | F | p | η 2 | |
| ZCR (10–2) | 4.91 (1.78) | 5.08 (1.76) | 5.01 (1.82) | 6.34 (0.82) | 6.67 (0.80) | 6.63 (0.82) | 128.07 | <0.0001* | 0.25 |
| HNR (10–2) | 34.59 (8.97) | 35.78 (9.03) | 35.14 (9.10) | 31.30 (3.46) | 31.78 (3.36) | 31.52 (3.88) | 34.09 | <0.0001* | 0.08 |
| F0 | 38.68 (38.55) | 44.23 (41.60) | 41.26 (39.33) | 13.61 (11.84) | 17.60 (12.77) | 15.67 (14.99) | 85.13 | <0.0001* | 0.18 |
| MFCC1 | −6.01(5.25) | −6.54(5.07) | −6.64(5.13) | −10.88(1.49) | −11.73(1.45) | −11.68(1.46) | 181.35 | <0.0001* | 0.32 |
| MFCC2 | −0.84(4.20) | 0.81 (3.99) | 0.70 (3.94) | −6.23(1.84) | −4.23(1.61) | −4.46(1.63) | 265.72 | <0.0001* | 0.41 |
| MFCC3 | −2.69(2.72) | −1.24(3.01) | −1.27(2.76) | −5.99(2.26) | −4.16(2.30) | −4.28(2.34) | 158.39 | <0.0001* | 0.29 |
| MFCC4 | −3.56(4.07) | −4.47(4.30) | −3.77(4.06) | −7.33(2.24) | −8.06(2.23) | −7.49(2.24) | 119.36 | <0.0001* | 0.23 |
| MFCC5 | −5.92(4.79) | −6.50(4.55) | −6.04(4.65) | −9.26(2.37) | −9.55(2.32) | −9.32(2.31) | 68.58 | <0.0001* | 0.15 |
| MFCC6 | −7.13(5.64) | −6.74(5.46) | −6.78(5.37) | −9.55(2.31) | −9.00(2.01) | −9.19(2.14) | 28.66 | <0.0001* | 0.07 |
| MFCC7 | −4.49(3.08) | −5.14(2.95) | −4.80(2.98) | −8.19(2.68) | −8.84(2.27) | −8.51(2.32) | 171.70 | <0.0001* | 0.31 |
| MFCC8 | −3.36(3.60) | −4.93(3.73) | −4.47(3.64) | −6.36(2.16) | −8.08(2.09) | −7.55(2.01) | 99.82 | <0.0001* | 0.20 |
| MFCC9 | −3.14(3.24) | −3.95(2.63) | −3.78(3.05) | −5.11(2.07) | −5.97(1.59) | −5.83(1.67) | 67.17 | <0.0001* | 0.15 |
| MFCC10 | −4.62(4.14) | −3.90(3.78) | −4.50(4.15) | −8.14(2.93) | −7.42(2.26) | −8.08(2.68) | 130.32 | <0.0001* | 0.25 |
| MFCC11 | −3.98(2.57) | −3.68(2.95) | −4.02(2.94) | −5.55(2.30) | −5.00(2.42) | −5.40(2.42) | 32.37 | <0.0001* | 0.08 |
| MFCC12 | −2.07(1.86) | −2.18(1.78) | −2.40(1.94) | −3.41(2.01) | −3.39(1.89) | −3.75(2.02) | 48.35 | <0.0001* | 0.11 |
*Indicates survived FDR-correction.
ZCR, zero-crossing rate; HNR, harmonic-to-noise ratio; F0, fundamental frequency; MFCC, mel-frequency cepstral coefficient.