ART=antiretroviral therapy. INSTI=integrase strand transfer inhibitor. PrEP=pre-exposure prophylaxis.
*656 excluded studies comprised: studies of in-vitro susceptibility, biochemistry, mathematical modelling, and sequencing methods that lacked a description of the population from which virus sequences were obtained; studies devoted to HIV-1 quasispecies but not to HIV-1 drug resistance; and studies published in the National Center for Biotechnology Information Sequence Read Archive but not in GenBank.