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The inclusion and exclusion criteria under the PICOS criteria.
| Parameter | Defined criteria for the present study |
| P (participants) | Older patients with T2DM (aged ≥ 60 years) |
| I (intervention) | Structured exercise for at least 8 weeks |
| C (comparison) | Standard care, waiting list, sham exercise, passive training, or active therapy options |
| O (outcomes) | Cognitive function |
| S (study design) | Randomized controlled trials |
