TABLE 2.

Characteristics of the included studies.

Author, year, country	Patients condition	Age range (years)	Sample (male/female)	Comparison	Intervention	Length (min/week)	Cognitive outcomes	Adverse event
Martínez-Velilla et al. (2021), Spain	T2DM	≥75	103 (50/53)	Usual care	Multimodal exercise, 40 min/day, 5–7 days/week for 3 months	200–280	Global cognition function/MMSE	None
Yamamoto et al. (2021), Japan	T2DM without cognitive impairment	70–79	35 (19/16)	Maintain daily activities	Bodyweight resistance and elastic band exercises, 15 min daily for 12 months	105	Global cognition function/MMSE	None
Molina-Sotomayor et al. (2020), Spain	T2DM with cognitive impairment	≥65	107 (0/107)	Maintained daily activities	Walking-based training, 60 min/day, 3 days/week for 6 months	180	Global cognition function/MMSE	None
Espeland et al. (2017a), United States	T2DM without cognitive impairment	70–89	415 (155/260)	Education workshops, stretching exercise, and flexibility training	Multimodal exercise, 50 min/day, 5–6 days/week for 24 months	250–300	Global cognition function/3MSE; processing speed/DSC-WAIS-III; memory function/HVLT-R; executive function/n-back task, TSP, EFT	None
Zhu et al. (2015), China	T2DM with cognitive impairment	≥60	78	Routine nursing	Baduanjin and routine nursing care, 40 min/day, 5 days/week for 12 months	200	Global cognition function/MoCA	None

MMSE, mini-mental state examination; 3MSE, modified mini-mental state examination; MoCA, Montreal cognitive assessment; DSC-WAIS-III, Digit Symbol Coding Test-Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Third Edition; HVLT-R, Hopkins verbal learning test-revised; TSP, task switching paradigm; EFT, Eriksen flanker task.