Table 4.
Multivariate Factors Associated With Overall Survival in Head and Neck Paraganglioma. a
| Benign (n = 82) | Borderline (n = 182) | Locally invasive (n = 212) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | aHR (95% CI) | P value | aHR (95% CI) | P value | aHR (95% CI) | P value |
| Age | 1.09 (1.03-1.16) | .004 | 1.07 (1.04-1.1) | <.0001 | ||
| Race | ||||||
| White | ||||||
| Black | 6.04 (1.4-26.11) | .016 | ||||
| Hispanic | 21.23 (2.18-207.06) | .009 | ||||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | ||||||
| Other/unknown | ||||||
| Primary payor | ||||||
| Private insurance | 1.00 | |||||
| Medicare, Medicaid, other govt | 4.76 (1.61-14.07) | .005 | ||||
| Not insured | ||||||
| Charlson-Deyo score | ||||||
| 0 | 1.00 | |||||
| 1 | 4.63 (1.11-19.31) | .035 | 1.68 (0.57-4.91) | .346 | ||
| 2 | 55.17 (9.96-305.64) | <.0001 | ||||
| 3 | ||||||
| Primary site | ||||||
| Carotid body | 1.00 | |||||
| Intracranial | 0.71 (0.14-3.6) | .684 | ||||
| Cranial nerves b | 1.28 (0.24-6.65) | .772 | ||||
| Skin, connective tissue, lymphatics | 2.44 (0.83-7.14) | .105 | ||||
| Pituitary, pineal, other endocrine | 26.13 (4.66-146.42) | <.0001 | ||||
| Peripheral and autonomic nerves | 1.32 (0.16-11.04) | .798 | ||||
| Middle ear | 4.33 (0.51-36.49) | .177 | ||||
| Nasal cavity, nasopharynx, sinus | 6.34 (1.3-30.94) | .022 | ||||
| Oral cavity | 0.5 (0.06-3.88) | .506 | ||||
| Distant metastasis status | ||||||
| Negative | 1.00 | |||||
| Positive | 2.1 (0.93-4.76) | .075 | ||||
| Overall treatment | ||||||
| Surgery only | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Radiation only | 6.99 (0.67-73.43) | .105 | 1.2 (0.36-3.97) | .769 | ||
| Chemotherapy only | 0.55 (0.06-4.96) | .592 | ||||
| Surgery and XRT | 40.45 (2.94-556.66) | .006 | 0.31 (0.11-0.88) | .027 | ||
| Surgery and chemotherapy | 5.17 (0.47-57.01) | .180 | ||||
| XRT and chemotherapy | 4.08 (0.84-19.87) | .082 | ||||
| Active surveillance/no treatment | 24.23 (2.3-255.72) | .008 | 2.33 (0.63-8.6) | .206 | ||
| Margins | ||||||
| Negative | 1.00 | |||||
| Positive | 4.13 (1.41-12.05) | .010 | ||||
Abbreviations: aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; XRT, radiation.
a
Variables eligible for inclusion in multivariate model through forward stepwise selection: age, sex, race, primary payor, Charlson-Deyo score, primary site, greatest tumor dimension, regional lymph node status, distant metastasis, overall treatment, and margins. Missing values indicate variables not included in model or insufficient sample size for Cox proportional hazards model. Overall model: P < .0001. P < .05 (bold) indicates statistical significance.
b
Includes cranial nerves I-VII and IX-XII.