Table 1.
Summary of 72 included studies.
| Study | Year(s) of data | Region(s) | Study population(s) | Population categories | Prevalence data | JB score* | Potential bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barcus et al 2002 | 1992-96 | HCMC | Inpatients with severe malaria | Low risk | HBsAg | 7 | Non-random consecutive sampling, non- representative sample (severe malaria) |
| Binh et al 2018 | 2013-15 | Hanoi | HBV positive outpatients | HDV | HDV RNA | 7 | Non-random consecutive sampling, non-representative sample (85% male) |
| Boettiger et al 2015 | 1998-13 | Hanoi | HIV outpatients | HIV population | HBsAg, HCV Ab | 8 | Non-random consecutive sampling |
| Buchy et al 2004 | 2002 | Nha Trang | Inpatients with hepatitis | High risk (liver disease) | HBsAg, HCV Ab | 7 | Non-random consecutive sampling, underpowered |
| Bùi et al 2014 | 2005-11 | Hanoi | HIV outpatients | HIV population | HBsAg, HCV Ab | 8 | Non-random; entire centre's population |
| Chau et al 2002 | 1991-96 | HCMC | Inpatient PWID with malaria, inpatient non-PWID with malaria | High risk (exposure), low risk | HBsAg, HCV Ab | 8 | Non-random consecutive sampling |
| Clatts et al 2009 | 2005-6 | Hanoi | PWID | High risk (exposure) | HCV Ab, HIV coinfection | 7 | Non-random sampling; non-representative sample (male IVDU only) |
| Clatts et al 2015 | 2010-11 | Hanoi, HCMC, Nha Trang | MSM sex workers | High risk (exposure) | HCV Ab | 8 | Non-random; non-representative (sex workers) |
| Colby et al 2016 | 2014 | HCMC | MSM sex workers | High risk (exposure) | HCV Ab, HIV coinfection | 8 | Non-random sampling; non-representative (sex workers) |
| Cordier et al 1993 | 1989-92 | Hanoi | Inpatients, patients with HCC | Low risk, high risk (liver disease) | HBsAg, HCV Ab | 8 | Non-random, non-representative, male HCC only |
| Corwin et al 1996 | 1993-95 | Hanoi | Adults in general population, inpatients with hepatitis | Low risk, high risk (liver disease) | HBsAg, HCV Ab | 8 | Non-random consecutive sampling |
| Dang et al 2020 | 2019 | Hanoi | MSM with HIV and non-MSM with HIV | HIV population | HBsAg, HCV Ab | 8 | Non-random consecutive sampling |
| Do et al 2015 | 2012 | Binh Thuan | Adults in general population | Low risk | HBsAg, HCV Ab, HCV Ag | 9 | |
| Dunford et al 2012 (HBV) | 2008-9 | Hanoi, Haiphong, Danang, Khanh Hoa, Can Tho | Military, antenatal, adults in general population, blood donors, PWID, dialysis, CSW, multiple transfusions, surgical | Low risk, high risk (exposure), HDV | HBsAg, HDV Ab | 8 | Non-random consecutive sampling |
| Dunford et al 2012 (HCV) | 2008-9 | Hanoi, Haiphong, Danang, Khanh Hoa, Can Tho | Military, antenatal, adults in general population, blood donors, PWID, dialysis, CSW, multiple transfusions, surgical | Low risk, high risk (exposure) | HCV Ag/RNA | 8 | Non-random consecutive sampling |
| Duong et al 2009 | 2006 | Thai Nguyen | Adults in general population | Low risk | HBsAg | 8 | Cross sectional but non-representative rural sample |
| Duong et al 2015 i | 2012-2013 | HCMC | Dialysis | High risk (exposure) | HCV Ag/RNA | 8 | Non-random consecutive sampling |
| Duong et al 2015 ii | 2012-2013 | HCMC | Dialysis | High risk (exposure) | HBsAg, HCV Ag | 8 | Non-random consecutive sampling |
| Duong et al 2016 | 2012-2014 | HCMC | Dialysis | High risk (exposure) | HBsAg, HCV Ag | 8 | Non-random; entire centre population |
| Duong et al 2018 | 2014 | Hai Phong | PWID | High risk (exposure) | HCV Ab | 8 | Non-random consecutive sampling |
| Duong et al 2019 | 2012-2014 | HCMC | Dialysis | High risk (exposure) | HCV Ab, ACV Ag, HCV RNA | 8 | Non-random; entire centre population |
| Follezou et al 1999 | 1996 | HCMC | PWID | High risk (exposure) | HBsAg, HCV Ab | 6 | Non-representative sample (very high rates HIV) |
| Goto et al 2005 | 2003 | Nghe An | Antenatal | Low risk | HBsAg | 8 | Non-random consecutive sampling |
| Hall et al 2015 | 2010-11 | Hanoi, Hai phong, Da Nang, Khanh Hoa, Can Tho | HBV positive PWID | High risk (exposure) | HDV Ab, HDV RNA | 7 | Non-random consecutive sampling, lacks baseline characteristics |
| Hipgrave et al 2003 | 1990-99 | Thanh Hoa | Children in general population, adults in general population | Low risk | HBsAg | 9 | |
| Hoang et al 2015 | 2009 | Hai Phong, HCMC | PWID | High risk (exposure) | HBsAg, HCV Ab | 8 | Non-random consecutive sampling |
| Ishizaki et al 2017 | 2007-2012 | Hai Phong | Blood donors, antenatal, PWID, CSW | Low risk, high risk (exposure) | HBsAg, HCV Ag, HIV coinfection | 8 | Non-random consecutive sampling |
| Kakumu et al 1998 | 1994-96 | HCMC, Da Lat | Chronic hepatitis; adults in general population | Low risk, high risk (liver disease) | HBsAg, HCV Ab | 8 | Non-random consecutive sampling of hepatitis patients. Details of sampling strategy for general population lacking |
| Katelaris et al 1995 | 1993 | Dong Nai | children in general population | Low risk | HBsAg, HCV Ab | 8 | Under powered for HCV prevalence |
| Kha To et al 2020 | 2017-19 | HCMC | blood donors | Low risk | HBsAg, HCV Ab | 8 | Non-random consecutive sampling |
| Lan et al 2008 | 2006 | Hanoi | Adults in general population | Low risk | HBsAg | 8 | Non-representative sample (married women age 18-49) |
| Lien et al 1997 | 1994 | HCMC | Adults general population, CSW, PWID, HIV patients | Low risk, high risk (exposure) HIV population | HCV Ab | 8 | Non-cross sectional sampling |
| Linh-Vi et al 2019 | 2013 | Hanoi, Hai Phong, HCMC | CSW | High risk (exposure) | HBsAg, HCV Ab, HCV Ag, HIV coinfection | 9 | |
| Minh et al 2021 | 2018-20 | Hue | Adults in general population | Low risk | HBsAg | 7 | Non-random, non-representative sample (males from infertile couples) |
| Miyakawa et al 2021 | 2009-12 | Khan Hoa | antenatal, children in general population | Low risk | HBsAg | 7 | Non-random sample, high drop out >30% |
| Mohan et al 2017 | 2012-15 | Hanoi, Pho Yen, Thai Nguyen | HIV outpatients | HIV population | HBsAg, HCV Ab | 8 | Non-random retrospective chart review |
| Molès et al 2020 | 2014 | Hai Phong | PWID | High risk (exposure) | HCV Ab | 8 | Non-random response-driven sampling |
| Nadol et al 2015 | 2009-10 | Hanoi, Hai Phong, Quang Ninh, Nghe An, Yen Bai. Da Nang, Dong Nai, HCMC. Can Tho, An Giang | PWID | High risk (exposure) | HBsAg, HCV Ag, HIV coinfection | 8 | Non-random response-driven sampling |
| Nadol et al 2016 | 2009-10 | Hanoi, Hai Phong, HCMC, Can Tho | MSM | High risk (exposure) | HBsAg, HCV Ag, HIV coinfection | 8 | Non-random response-driven sampling |
| Nakata et al 1994 | 1993 | Hanoi, HCMC | inpatients, multiple transfusions, PWID. Dialysis, CSW, prisoners | Low risk, high risk (exposure) | HBsAg, HCV Ab | 8 | Non-random consecutive and retrospective sampling |
| Nerurkar et al 1999 | 1997-98 | Hanoi | PWID | High risk (exposure) | HCV Ab, HIV coinfection | 7 | Non-random sampling, diagnostics were combo of sera or filter paperblotted whole blood |
| Nghiem et al 2021 | 2018-19 | Hanoi | HBV positive outpatients | HDV | HDV RNA | 8 | Non-random, consecutive sampling |
| Ngo et al 2009 | 2007 | HCMC | General inpatients | Low risk | HBsAg, HCV Ab | 6 | Non-random, consecutive sampling, non-representative sample (inpatients and outpatients), minimal baseline characteristics |
| Nguyen et al 1997 | 1995 | HCMC | Inpatients with Dengue | Low risk | HBsAg, HCV Ab | 6 | Non-random consecutive sampling, non-representative sample (patients with severe Dengue), under-powered for HCV |
| Nguyen et al 2006 | 2002 | Thai Binh | Adults general population | Low risk | HBsAg | 9 | |
| Nguyen et al 2007 | 2002 | Thai Binh | Adults general population | Low risk | HCV Ab | 9 | |
| Nguyen et al 2011 | 2007 | Hai Phong | Adults in general population, antenatal, blood donors | Low risk | HBsAg | 8 | Non-random consecutive sampling |
| Nguyen et al 2014 | 2011 | Vietnam (national) | Children in general population | Low risk | HBsAg | 9 | |
| Nguyen et al 2017 | 2015 | Da Nang | HBV positive outpatients | HDV | HDV RNA | 7 | Non-random consecutive sampling, non- representative |
| Nguyen et al 2021 | 2017 | Thai Nguyen | MSM in sexual health clinics, PWID | High risk (exposure) | HCV Ab | 7 | Non-random sampling, Oraquick diagnostics |
| Nguyen-Dinh et al 2018 | 2010-16 | HCMC | Patients with HCC | High risk (liver) | HBsAg, HCV Ab | 8 | Non-random retrospective sample |
| Pham et al 2020 | 2017-18 | Hai Phong | Antenatal, children of HBV infected mothers | Low risk, high risk (exposure) | HBsAg | 9 | |
| Pham et al 2020 ii | 2018 | Central Highlands | Adults in general population | Low risk | HBsAg | 9 | |
| Quan et al 2009 | 2003 | Bac Ninh | PWID | High risk (exposure) | HBsAg, HCV Ab, HIV coinfection | 8 | Non-random snowball sampling using peer recruiters |
| Quesada et al 2015 | 1994-05 | HCMC | Adults in general population | Low risk | HCV Ab | 8 | Non-representative sample (females only) |
| Rangarajan et al 2016 | 2013-14 | HCMC | HIV outpatients | HIV population | HBsAg, HCV Ab | 8 | Non-random consecutive sampling |
| Riondel et al 2020 | 2016-17 | Hai Phong | PWID | High risk (exposure) | HCV Ab | 8 | Non-random response-driven sampling |
| Sinh et al 2012 | 1992-09 | HCMC | Dialysis | High risk (exposure) | HCV Ab | 7 | Non-random consecutive sample, lacking baseline characteristics |
| Son et al 2014 | 2006-09 | Hai Phong | HIV inpatients | HIV population | HBsAg, HCV Ab | 6 | Non-random consecutive sampling, non-representative (inpatients with penicilliosis), under powered for HBV/HCV prevalence |
| Song et al 1994 | 1992 | HCMC, Hanoi | blood donors | Low risk | HBsAg, HCV Ab | 8 | Non-random sampling |
| Sy et al 2013 | 2000-09 | Hanoi | HBV positive outpatients | HDV | HDV RNA | 7 | Non-random consecutive sampling, non-representative (HCV and HIV positive patients excluded) |
| Tanimoto et al 2010 | 2007 | Hai Phong | PWID | High risk (exposure) | HCV Ab, HCV PCR | 8 | Non-random response driven sampling |
| Tanuma et al 2017 | 2007-13 | Hanoi | HIV outpatients | HIV population | HBsAg, HCV Ab | 8 | Non-random consecutive sampling |
| Terakawa et al 2011 | 2009-10 | HCMC | Adults in general population | Low risk | HBsAg, HCV Ab | 7 | Non-random sampling, non-representative (healthy workers at major companies) |
| Thanh et al 2020 | 2016-17 | HCMC | Hepatitis outpatients | High risk (liver) | HBsAg | 7 | Non-random consecutive sample, non-representative (HCV-infected outpatients) |
| Tran et al 2003 | 1998-02 | HCMC | Adults in general population, patients with liver disease | Low risk | HCV RNA, HDV Ab | 7 | Non-random sampling, non-representative (healthy outpatients) |
| Truong et al 2016 | 2014 | Hai Phong | HIV outpatients | HIV population | HBsAg | 8 | Non-random consecutive sample |
| Trung et al 2010 | 2006-08 | HCMC | Inpatients with dengue and non-dengue acute infections | Low risk | HBsAg | 8 | Non-random consecutive sampling |
| Van Be et al 1992 | 1989-91 | HCMC | Blood donors, adults in general population, inpatients, prsioners, CSW, PWID | Low risk, high risk (exposure) | HBsAg | 6 | Non-random sampling, unclearly defined study populations, no basseline characteristics |
| Van Quang et al 2019 | 2010-17 | Hanoi | Patients with HCC | High risk (liver) | HBsAg | 8 | Non-random, restrospective sample |
| Viet et al 2012 | 2007 | Quang Tri | Blood donors | Low risk | HBsAg, HCV Ab | 7 | Non-random sampling; non-representative (potential blood donors, HBV-vaccinated individuals excluded) |
| Zhang et al 2015 | 2005-07 | Thai Nguyen | PWID | High risk (exposure) | HCV Ab, HIV coinfection | 8 | Non-random sampling |
HBsAg = Hepatitis B surface antigen; HCV Ab = Hepatitis C antibody; HCV Ag = Hepatitis C antigen; HDV Ab = Hepatitis D antibody; RNA = ribonucleic acid.