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. 2022 May 12;12:7808. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-11748-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Significant effect of BCG vaccination on growth of Gram-negative bacteria in the PBMC GIA. Samples were

taken from volunteers enrolled into phases 1 and 2 combined. Healthy UK adults were randomised to receive BCG vaccination (n = 27) or to be unvaccinated controls (n = 8). PBMC bacterial GIAs were conducted on samples taken at baseline and days 2, 7, 14, 28 and 84 following BCG vaccination (closed circles) and at the same time-points in unvaccinated control individuals (open circles). PBMC and autologous serum were co-cultured with E. coli (a, b) or K. pneumoniae (c, d) for 1 h after which time cells were lysed and bacteria quantified by plating on solid blood agar. Bars represent the median values with the interquartile range (IQR); dotted lines indicate the baseline median. Paired t-tests were performed of each time-point vs. baseline, where *indicates a p-value of < 0.05 and **indicates a p-value of < 0.005.