Table 1.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Design and setting	RCTs, mainly conducted in African countries (at least 50% African countries in international studies)
Population	African patients in primary, secondary or tertiary prevention with a clinical diagnosis of Pre-diabetes DM type 1 (DM1, due to autoimmune β-cell destruction) DM type 2 (DM2, due to a progressive loss of adequate β-cell insulin secretion) Gestational diabetes (diagnosed in the second or third trimester of pregnancy that was not clearly overt diabetes prior to gestation) As described by the authors
Interventions	All interventions to of prevent, diagnose and treat diabetes
Comparison	Placebo or standard care Another intervention or the same intervention with a different dose or timing
Outcome	Primary: all-cause mortality Secondary: Glucose control (HbA1c, oral glucose tolerance test, insulin resistance, fasting serum or blood glucose) Complications Quality of life Hospital admission Treatment adherence Additional: costs at longest follow-up
Publications	Full-text publications according to CONSORT

CONSORT, Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials; DM2, Type 2 diabetes; DM, diabetes mellitus; DM1, type 1 diabetes; GDM, gestational diabetes; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; RCT, randomised controlled trial.