Fig. 4.

Spine shapes to facilitate accurate evaluation of kyphosis and examples of kyphosis in stationary mice and during movement. (A) X-ray images from Fig. 3 in Shazeeb et al. (2018) show the normal curvature of spine, mild kyphosis, and severe kyphosis (top, middle, and bottom panels, respectively) in a mouse model of achnodroplasia (Shazeeb et al., 2018). (B) Illustrations of a mouse's side profile while stationary (left side) and while walking (right side) and its associated kyphosis score. (C) Mild curvature of the back is frequently observed in normal mice at rest and receives a score of 0. A distinct, sharp curvature of the spine is observed with kyphosis as seen in moderate (D) and severe (E) cases. (D) would likely receive a score of 2 while (E) would likely receive a score of 3. (F) As seen with a score of 0 or 1, kyphosis is either absent or disappears during movement. As seen with a score of 2 and 3, mild (G) and severe (H) kyphosis is maintained during rearing and movement, respectively.