Table 5.
Multilevel mixed effects analysis of individual and neighbourhood factors associated with unprotected sex (condom use) among young male and female
| Variables | Female | Male | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 (full model) | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 (full model) | |
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Age | ||||||
| 15–17RC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 18–19 | 1.23 (0.86–1.77) | 1.17 (0.81–1.69) | 0.65 (0.35–1.22) | 0.58 (0.31–1.09) | ||
| 20–24 | 1.05 (0.76–1.44) | 0.94 (0.68–1.29) | 0.53 (0.29–0.93)** | 0.46 (0.26–0.82) | ||
| Education | ||||||
| Primary or less edu RC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Secondary | 1.80 (1.06–3.06)* | 1.55 (0.89–2.67) | 3.93 (2.19–7.05)*** | 3.06 (1.62–5.77)*** | ||
| Higher | 2.32 (1.19–4.54)** | 1.70 (0.85–3.42) | 2.80 (1.16–6.78)** | 2.12 (0.01–5.55) | ||
| Employment status | ||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 0.84 (0.59–1.18) | 0.87 (0.61–1.23) | 1.64 (1.02–2.63)** | 1.54 (0.96–2.47) | ||
| Household number | ||||||
| 1–4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 4–5 | 0.83 (0.63–1.10) | 0.86 (0.65–1.15) | 1.69 (1.05–2.74)** | 1.67 (1.04–2.68)* | ||
| 7 + | 0.68 (0.52–0.89)** | 0.79 (0.59–1.03) | 1.69 (1.09–2.63))** | 1.69 (1.09–2.63)** | 1.60 (1.03–2.48)** | |
| Family Structure | ||||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Female | 1.19 (0.93–1.50)* | 1.15 (0.89–1.46) | 1.19 (0.82–1.71) | 1.09 (0.75–1.58) | ||
| Place of residence | ||||||
| Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Rural | 0.77 (0.58–1.03) | 0.77 (0.58–1.03) | 0.90 (0.57–1.45) | ``0.96 (0.59–1.54) | ||
| Province of residence | ||||||
| Western Cape | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Eastern Cape | 1.16 (0.63–2.11) | 1.24 (0.68–2.26) | 0.69 (0.25–1.91) | 0.55 (0.24–1.36) | ||
| Northern cape | 1.65 (0.87–3.13) | 1.74 (0.92–3.32) | 1.28 (0.41–4.02) | 1.26 (0.56–3.04) | ||
| Free State | 1.61 (0.84–3.10) | 1.69 (0.88–3.27) | 1.13 (0.39–3.32) | 1.12 (0.38–2.04) | ||
| Kwazulu-natal | 0.95 (0.52–1.73) | 1.03 (0.56–1.87) | 1.15 (0.40–3.22) | 1.02 (0.38–2.07) | ||
| Northern west | 1.46 (0.75–2.80) | 1.56 (0.80–3.02) | 2.73 (0.82–9.07) | 2.67 (0.77–8.05) | ||
| Guanteng | 1.99 (1.03–3.86)** | 2.06 (1.06–3.98)* | 1.16 (0.38–3.53) | 1.14 (0.29–2.88) | ||
| Mpumalanga | 1.54 (0.83–2.87) | 1.63 (0.87–3.04) | 1.53 (0.52–4.55) | 1.48 (0.55–3.01) | ||
| Limpopo | 1.56 (0.82–2.97) | 1.62 (0.85–3.09) | 1.44 (0.49–4.28) | 1.41 (0.46–3.04) | ||
| Ethnic diversity | ||||||
| Homogenous | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Heterogenous | 0.58 (0.36–0.96)* | 0.59 (0.36–0.97)* | 0.71 (0.32–1.57) | 0.69 (0.47–1.03) | ||
| Community poverty | ||||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| High | 0.76 (0.58–1.00)* | 0.79 (0.59–1.04) | 0.78 (0.50–1.19) | 0.88 (0.41–1.02) | ||
| Community media exposure to CP | ||||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| High | 1.38 (1.09–1.76) | 1.37 (1.06–1.75)* | 1.50 (1.04–2.19)** | 1.31 (1.05–0.91) | ||
| Community education | ||||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| High | 1.17 (0.78–1.74) | 1.05 (0.69–1.59) | 1.55 (0.96–2.49) | 1.33 (0.86–0.23) | ||
| Residential mobility | ||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1.29 (0.99–1.70) | 1.22 (0.92–1.62) | 0.995 (0.62–1.46) | 0.10 (0.54–0.52) | ||
| Random effects | ||||||
| Community variance (SE) | 0.42 (0.13)*** | 0.23 (0.20)*** | 0.19 (0.25)*** | 0.56 (0.28)*** | 0.31 (0.42)** | 0.47 (0.38)* |
| VPC = ICC (%) | 0.051111 | 0.016046 | 0.011144 | 0.088115 | 0.028488 | 0.43883 |
| Explained variation PCV (%) | 24.58531 | 76.32492 | 83.55648 | 36.18729 | 79.36892 | 86.67462 |
| Model fit statistics | ||||||
| Log Likelihood | − 974.343 | − 954.328 | − 949.757 | − 405.574 | − 404.592 | 0.032714 |
| AIC | 1966.686 | 1942.656 | 1947.514 | 829.147 | 843.1848 | 844.245 |
Ref., reference category. *p < 0.1; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01