Table 1.
Demographic statistics
| Variables | Children | Father | Mother |
|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Demographic Variables | |||
| Sex | |||
| Male | 403 (52.5) | 767 (100.0) | |
| Female | 364 (47.5) | 767 (100.0) | |
| Education level in 2007 | |||
| Elementary school | 80 (10.4) | 442 (57.6) | 496 (64.7) |
| Junior high school | 225 (29.3) | 120 (15.6) | 149 (19.0) |
| Senior high school | 448 (58.4) | 161 (21.0) | 106 (13.8) |
| Bachelor’s degree | 14 (1.8) | 44 (5.7) | 19 (2.5) |
| Education level in 2014 | |||
| Elementary school | 76 (9.9) | 442 (57.6) | 499 (65.1) |
| Junior high school | 145 (18.9) | 118 (15.4) | 135 (17.6) |
| Senior high school | 382 (49.8) | 158 (20.6) | 110 (14.3) |
| Bachelor’s degree | 161 (21.0) | 47 (6.1) | 22 (2.9) |
| Master’s degree | 3 (0.4) | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) |
| Wealth in 2007 | |||
| Perceived income ladder 1, 2 | 161 (21.0) | 189 (24.6) | 207 (27.0) |
| Perceived income ladder 3 | 452 (58.9) | 426 (55.5) | 416 (54.2) |
| Perceived income ladder 4 | 143 (18.6) | 143 (18.6) | 131 (17.1) |
| Perceived income ladder 5, 6 | 10 (13.0) | 7 (0.9) | 13 (1.7) |
| Wealth in 2014 | |||
| Perceived income ladder 1, 2 | 125 (16.3) | 196 (25.6) | 189 (24.7) |
| Perceived income ladder 3 | 395 (51.5) | 391 (51.0) | 325 (42.4) |
| Perceived income ladder 4 | 211 (27.5) | 149 (19.0) | 205 (26.7) |
| Perceived income ladder 5, 6 | 36 (11.0) | 32 (3.2) | 46 (6.0) |
| Mental Health Variables | |||
| Happiness | |||
| Children’s happiness level in 2007 | |||
| Very unhappy | 2 (0.3) | ||
| Unhappy | 47 (6.1) | ||
| Happy | 658 (85.8) | ||
| Very happy | 60 (7.8) | ||
| Children’s happiness level in 2014 | |||
| Very unhappy | 7 (0.9) | ||
| Unhappy | 35 (4.6) | ||
| Happy | 604 (78.7) | ||
| Very happy | 121 (15.8) | ||
| Depressive symptoms (mean, standard deviation) | |||
| Children’s depressive symptoms 2007 | (M = 10.5, SD = 3.3) | ||
| Children’s depressive symptoms 2014 | (M = 13.7, SD = 4.6) | ||