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. 2022 May 12;19:6. doi: 10.1186/s12950-022-00303-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 9 — Conventional immunoassay measurements underestimate total proinflammatory mediator levels due to an abundance of encapsulated factors. Comparison of measurements of whole serum and calculated total mediator levels accounting for encapsulated mediators, as well as proportion of encapsulated mediator relative to total mediator level over time after Blast (B), complex orthopaedic injury followed by ischemia reperfusion injury, then hind limb amputation (COI + IRI + HLA), B + COI + 1 h delayed(d)HLA, and B + COI + IRI + dHLA injury patterns. Panel-A interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-10. Panel-B depicts tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Panel-C depicts IL-13, IL-4, and IL-5. Results represent the mean ± SEM from n = 4-7 rats/timepoint. Baseline values are from age/weight matched naïve rats (n = 5-7)

Fig. 9 — Conventional immunoassay measurements underestimate total proinflammatory mediator levels due to an abundance of encapsulated factors. Comparison of measurements of whole serum and calculated total mediator levels accounting for encapsulated mediators, as well as proportion of encapsulated mediator relative to total mediator level over time after Blast (B), complex orthopaedic injury followed by ischemia reperfusion injury, then hind limb amputation (COI + IRI + HLA), B + COI + 1 h delayed(d)HLA, and B + COI + IRI + dHLA injury patterns. Panel-A interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-10. Panel-B depicts tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Panel-C depicts IL-13, IL-4, and IL-5. Results represent the mean ± SEM from n = 4-7 rats/timepoint. Baseline values are from age/weight matched naïve rats (n = 5-7)