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Transformation of S. gordonii DL1 with pVACMC1 in the presence and absence of filter-sterilized saliva. Competent cells were exposed to DNA and saliva or sterile dH2O for the times shown before plating on selective medium to identify transformants. Maximum transformation frequencies for the saliva of a second volunteer were 3.7 × 105. Experiments were carried out with different samples of S. gordonii DL1 competent cells.
