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. 2022 Apr 28;9:832651. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.832651

Table 8.

The effects of different types and levels of dietary DDGS on cooked muscle texturea.

Items Diet treatments
DDGS20 (native) DDGS30 (native) DDGS20 (imported) DDGS30 (imported) Inclusion level DDGS types Interaction
Cooking loss (%) 20.10 ± 0.10 20.75 ± 0.85 20.07 ± 0.31 20.03 ± 0.45 ns ns ns
Hardness (g) 2009.72 ± 79.04c 1949.08 ± 8.76c 1270.60 ± 18.84b 1076.13 ± 15.34a * * *
Gumminess 877.15 ± 9.83c 877.51 ± 7.90c 442.31 ± 3.41b 365.39 ± 2.68a * * *
Chewiness (g) 409.56 ± 7.59c 422.47 ± 10.44c 206.64 ± 5.66b 184.59 ± 4.54a * * *
Springiness 0.45 ± 0.01c 0.41 ± 0.00b 0.38 ± 0.01a 0.40 ± 0.00b ns * *
Cohesiveness 0.40 ± 0.00b 0.39 ± 0.01b 0.35 ± 0.01a 0.36 ± 0.00a ns * ns
Resilience (g/s) 0.10 ± 0.00c 0.09 ± 0.00b 0.07 ± 0.00a 0.07 ± 0.00a ns * ns
a

Values are means ± SD. Mean values with different letters are significantly different at (p < 0.05). An asterisk (*) denotes a statistically significant difference.